<p>The Singer Manufacturing–South Bend Lathe Co. Historic District is a national historic district located at South Bend, St. Joseph County, Indiana. It encompasses four contributing buildings, one additional contributing structures, and one further contributing site. It developed between about 1868 and 1947, and includes notable examples of Late Victorian style industrial architecture. The buildings are associated with the Singer Manufacturing Company and its successors. They include the original three-story, brick Singer Manufacturing Company building , Singer Manufacturing Company / South Bend Lathe complex , and Singer Manufacturing Company Employees Club Room / Supply Building .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Samuel Quimby House is a historic house on North Road in southern Mount Vernon, Maine. Built about 1800 for the area&#39;s first doctor, it is an unusually elaborate expression of folk Federal period architecture in a rural setting. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Quimby House stands on the north side of North Road (also known as Cobbs Hill Road), in southern Mount Vernon, a rural community northwest of Augusta. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, central chimney, clapboarded exterior, and a modern concrete foundation. The main facade faces south, and is five bays wide, with corner pilasters, and a central entrance with a Palladian window above. The entrance has flanking sidelights and pilasters, with a multilight half-oval transom window topped by a projecting cornice. The side windows of the Palladian trio are also flanked by pilasters with entablatures and cornices above. The cornice below the front roofline is styled in a similar fashion to the Palladian window, and carries around to the sides. The interior follows a typical center-chimney plan, with a narrow entry vestibule containing a winding staircase, and parlors to either side of the chimney. The staircase has a distinctively carved rail, and scalloped ornamentation on the outer string.</p><br>
<p>The exact construction date of the house is not known. The land on which it stands was purchased in 1797, and local tradition holds that it was built about 1800 for him by one of his patients (whose identity is unknown). The house was originally covered by a hip roof, which was blown off by a windstorm in 1950. The house was owned for many years by members of the Currier and Clough families. New owners in 1986 moved the house back from its original site to a new foundation, and undertook its restoration.</p><br>
<p>The Ezekiel Emerson Farm, also known as Apple Hill Farm, is a historic farm property at 936 Brandon Mountain Road  in Rochester, Vermont. Occupying 38 acre , the farm includes a mid-19th century bank barn and a c. 1920-1940 milk barn that are both well-preserved examples of period agricultural buildings. The otherwise undistinguished house includes a fine example of a Late Victorian porch. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ezekiel Emerson Farm is located along Vermont Route 73 (Brandon Mountain Road) in a rural area of western Rochester, on the eastern slope of Vermont&#39;s Green Mountains. Most of the farm property is located north of the road, although there is a strip of land, traditionally used for haying, between the road and the West Branch White River, which it roughly parallels in this area. The farm buildings are clustered on the north side of the road, with open fields to the east, and formerly open hillside sloping up to higher fields. The farmhouse, near the western end of the complex, is a roughly cruciform 1-1/2 story wood frame structure built about 1840, and modified in the late 1890s. Its most distinctive feature is an elaborately decorated wraparound porch that extends across the front and along one side.</p><br>
<p>Attached to the northwest corner of the house is a former horse and carriage barn, now serving as a garage and shed. To the east of the house stands a large bank barn, with a gabled roof and board-and-batten siding. Near the barn, but facing toward the house, is a small single-story wood frame milking house, covered by a shed roof and now repurposed into a toolshed. The foundations of an old potato storage building are located behind the barn.</p><br>
<p>The farm&#39;s origins appear to be in land speculation by a wealthy Rochester landowner, Ephraim Briggs, who apparently had the house built about 1840 on speculation, and sold a 42 acre parcel in 1842 to Solomon Nott. Nott sold the property to the town in 1856, who rented, and then sold, the property to members of the Emerson family. The Emersons operated a small-scale dairy cow operation on the property, also producing grain crops and potatoes. It is believed that Ezekiel built the barn in the 1870s, after he acquired title to the property from other family members. Emerson later sold water rights along the White River that were used to build a hydroelectric power plant, providing power to Rochester for the first time. The financial rewards that flowed from this arrangement likely made possible a significant enlargement of the house. After being sold by Emerson in 1907, it went through a number of owners, primarily involved in dairying, before eventually being converted to a bed and breakfast in the 1990s. As of 2016, it is in use as a horse farm.</p><br>
<p>Anaheim Bay is an extensive harbor and wetland complex in Orange County, California in the United States. The bay is located on the Pacific Ocean coast of northwestern Orange County next to Seal Beach and is split into several distinct but interconnected parts. The term "Anaheim Bay" generally refers to the deep-water Navy harbor at the bay entrance. Further southeast are the Huntington Harbor, which serves small private vessels, and the Bolsa Bay, a salt-water estuary. Bordering the bay are hundreds of acres of salt marshes, some of the largest remaining such habitats in Southern California.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and features</h2><br>
<p>The Anaheim Bay entrance is located at the westernmost corner of Orange County near the Los Angeles County line. The bay and its associated harbors and wetlands extend southeast along the coast for a distance of some 7 mi from Seal Beach towards Huntington Beach; they are protected by a long peninsular barrier beach where Surfside, Sunset Beach and Bolsa Chica State Beach are situated. Los Alamitos Army Airfield and Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach are located adjacent to each other on the north and north-east sides of the bay, respectively.</p><br>
<h3>Harbors</h3><br>
<p>The bay is divided into an outer and inner deep water harbor. The triangular, 94 acre outer harbor is man-made, protected by two converging rubble breakwaters and maintained to a depth of 43 ft.</p><br>
<p>To the southeast is long, narrow Huntington Harbor, a residential marina of 153 acre. Once a shallow tidal lagoon, Huntington Harbor is now dredged to a depth of 11 ft to provide passage for small boats. It is connected to the inner deep water harbor by a channel 164 ft wide and 13 ft deep.</p><br>
<h3>Wetlands</h3><br>
<p>To the north of Anaheim Bay is the Anaheim Salt Marsh in the Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge, which consists of over 800 acre of predominantly salt marshes connected by tidal channels to the bay. About 131 acre of this is open water at high tide. The salt marsh also encloses Hog Island, the only significant natural island in the bay complex. Being located within the naval base, public access to the wildlife refuge is highly restricted.</p><br>
<p>Connected to the southeast end of Huntington Harbor is Bolsa Bay, which has retained many of its original wetlands. The Bolsa Chica wetlands are the largest remaining coastal wetlands in California between Monterey Bay and the mouth of the Tijuana River, with 1,449 acre of salt flats, lagoons and tidal streams. A set of floodgates regulates the water level between Bolsa Bay and Huntington Harbor. While Bolsa Bay was once a separate body of water, its ocean outlet silted up in the early 1900s after a man-made channel was cut to link it to Anaheim Bay. In the early 21st century the bay&#39;s original outlet was re-established, restoring full tidal influence in order to benefit the local ecosystem.</p><br>
<h3>Waterways</h3><br>
<p>The San Gabriel River, which drains an extensive watershed in both Orange and Los Angeles Counties, empties into the sea less than a mile (1.6 km) to the west of Anaheim Bay. The Santa Ana River mouth is situated 11 mi to the southeast. Several smaller streams, today mostly channelized for flood control, drain a 75 square miles watershed emptying directly into the bay.</p><br>
<p>The Anaheim-Barber City Channel (also known as the Bolsa Chica Channel), 8.65 mi long, begins in Anaheim and flows through Stanton, Garden Grove, Westminster and Seal Beach before emptying into the north end of the Anaheim Bay Marsh. The 7.91 mi Westminster Channel drains parts of Garden Grove, Westminster, Huntington Beach and Seal Beach and joins with the Anaheim–Barber City Channel shortly above the mouth. The East Garden Grove-Wintersburg Channel, longest of the three at 11.59 mi, empties into Bolsa Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Anaheim Bay is located at the mouth of Sunset Gap, one of the many breaks in the low hills and mesas that make up the Orange County coast. The gaps were formed by erosion about 40,000 years ago during the previous Ice Age, when the sea level was lower and rivers entrenched valleys into the coastal plain. When sea levels rose following the glacial melt at the end of the Pleistocene, the valleys or gaps were backfilled by sea water and became bays.</p><br>
<p>The area is located within the historic floodplain of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Rivers, whose mouths are located to the north and south of the bay, respectively. Before urbanization in the 20th century, which largely confined these streams to concrete flood control channels, they frequently changed course and filled the coastal bays with varying amounts of alluvial sediment. Neither river flows into the bay at present, but sediment deposits ranging from 35 to 40 ft thick indicate that one or both did so in the past.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In its natural state, Anaheim Bay was the outlet for a vast expanse of estuarine salt marshes that stretched across what is now southeastern Los Angeles County and western Orange County. The Anaheim Bay marshes covered more than 5,000 acre and the Bolsa Chica marshes covered a further 2,300 acre, although the extent of these wetlands was likely much greater and varied with the seasonal flooding on the San Gabriel and Santa Ana rivers and smaller streams that flowed into the bay. Sheltered by a long chain of natural barrier beaches and hills, the marshes were a vast complex of ponds, streams and bogs interspersed with meadows and riparian forests. Anaheim and Bolsa Chica bays were separate bodies of water at the time with distinct ocean outlets; they were not linked until the creation of a man-made channel in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The wetlands of Anaheim Bay were abundant with fish and large mammals, ranging from coyote to grizzly bears. This made it an attractive place for early Native Americans to settle. Estimates for the first human presence at the bay range from 500 to 38,000 BC, although Hokan speaking people are generally believed to be the earliest inhabitants, present between 6000 and 3500 BC.</p><br>
<p>As one of the few safe natural anchorages along the Southern California coast, Anaheim Bay has been an important strategic position in Orange County since at least the mid-1800s. During the Mexican-American War, Commodore Robert F. Stockton repulsed an attempted landing by a French ship carrying supplies for the Mexicans. During the American Civil War a Union artillery base was established here to defend the harbor against the Confederates.</p><br>
<p>The Anaheim Lighter Company was established in 1868 with a 20-year concession, to operate Anaheim Harbor as a port. Cargo was delivered to the harbor from as far away as San Bernardino, California, Yuma, Arizona and Salt Lake City, Utah.</p><br>
<p>In the Great Flood of 1862, the Santa Ana River flooded massively, and as a result "captured" several of the streams flowing into Anaheim Bay. Starved of much of its fresh water input, the bay gradually increased in salinity and the wetland area decreased. Between 1854 and 1949 the bay lost 30 percent of its area largely as a result of sedimentation and the decreased fresh water runoff available to flush it out. However, many of these streams were redirected into the bay in 1964 following the construction of the Santa Ana River Mainstem Project, which channelized the part of the Santa Ana in Orange County to prevent flooding. The purpose was to reduce the total amount of water flowing into the Santa Ana, reducing its flood crests, but an unintended benefit was the restoration of the bay&#39;s natural fresh water source.</p><br>
<p>In 1895, a group of Los Angeles businessmen organized the Bolsa Chica Gun Club, which purchased the Bolsa Chica marsh from the State of California for $59,991. The Gun Club worked to transform the marsh lands into a duck hunting area. They constructed dikes to create freshwater ponds; the resultant change in currents caused the natural outlet of Bolsa Chica Bay to become blocked by sediment. A new channel was dug to link Bolsa Chica Bay with Anaheim Bay, transforming the two bays into one continuous body of water. A dam was then built across the channel to raise the fresh water level in Bolsa Chica and prevent salt water intrusion from Anaheim Bay.</p><br>
<p>The entrance of the bay was widened by the USA Navy in 1944 and breakwaters constructed in order to serve Naval Air Station Los Alamitos.</p><br>
<p>In 1990 a $150 million proposal was floated to add a third jetty to the bay mouth, in order to separate the entrances for military vessels and pleasure craft. However these plans never came to fruition, in part due to fears that it would impact surf and cause harmful erosion to the local beaches.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental issues</h2><br>
<p>The USA Environmental Protection Agency lists Anaheim Bay as an impaired waterbody, with high concentrations of dieldrin, nickel, PCBs and sediment toxicity. Huntington Harbor is also contaminated by chlordane, copper, lead, nickel, and PCBs. Urban runoff has also introduced high concentrations of pathogens such as E.coli into the bay.</p><br>
<p>Station Master&#39;s Residence is a heritage-listed detached house at Fourth Street, Forsayth, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Forsayth Station Masters Residence was constructed around 1910 as part of the private Etheridge railway line linking the mines and smelters of the Chillagoe Railway and Mining Company to the Queensland Government railway network. The mining companys Engineer-in-Charge, Archibald Smith Frew, designed this and two other similar residences at Almaden and at Einasleigh on the line.</p><br>
<p>The important mining entrepreneur, John Moffat, prospected for copper in the Chillagoe area from the late 1880s and in the 1890s formed a syndicate with Melbourne investors to build a private railway linking Chillagoe with the government railway network at Mareeba. The bill to approve this project was passed in Parliament in 1897 and A S Frew surveyed the line. Archibald Smith Frew was employed as an engineer by the Queensland Railways Department from 1879, was second in charge at the construction of the Croydon railway line in 1890-1891, and constructed much of the Cairns railway network in the early years of the 20th century. He also designed the structures needed to service the Chillagoe railway line. Many of the buildings, since vanished, displayed the distinctive multiple gabled roofs seen on this residence.</p><br>
<p>The Etheridge railway line was built between 1906 and 1910 and the principal towns along the line were Almaden, Einasleigh and Forsayth, which was the terminus. Forsayth was originally called Charleston, but the name was changed on 15 December 1910 to honour the Commissioner for Railways, James Forsayth Thallon. A S Frew designed Station Master&#39;s residences at each of the service towns as part of the overall provision of facilities that included a station building, cattle yards, turning fork, loading bank and goods shed.</p><br>
<p>The Station Masters houses at each town are similar in plan and all feature a distinctive roof arranged in three parallel gables, which indicate the room arrangement. The central room was a dining room flanked by pairs of bedrooms. The Einasleigh and Forsayth houses were larger than that at Almaden and were originally designed with lattice at each end of the dining room, allowing this to operate as a central breezeway. However, they may not have actually been constructed in this way and are enclosed at each end. A detached building at the rear of the house incorporated a kitchen, store and servants room with the roof extended to the back to cover a laundry.</p><br>
<p>The Chillagoe Company experienced considerable difficulties, undergoing several financial reconstructions. Although it was not profitable, it nevertheless survived until 1923, and had an important influence on the mining and railway industries of North Queensland. There is evidence of its operations in the ruined smelter at Chillagoe, and abandoned mine sites at Mungana, Einasleigh, Mount Mulligan and elsewhere. However the railway lines built by the company from the government railhead at Mareeba to Mungana in 1901, and to Forsayth in 1910, have survived in use. When constructed, they were part of the longest privately owned railway network in Australia, but were incorporated into the Queensland Government rail system in June 1919 when most of the Chillagoe Company&#39;s assets were purchased by the Queensland Government. At this time Forsayth railway station became a Queensland Railways station. The Station Master was withdrawn after floods closed the line in early 1927. When the line reopened for rail motor traffic (hauling one or two goods wagons for freight) a Porter in Charge was appointed. This remained the position until the 1990s when the Porter was withdrawn and a local agent appointed to handle the small remaining railway business for QR. The line is now chiefly a tourist attraction running the Savannahlander from Cairns. Queensland Rail subdivided the land and sold the house as a private residence in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Station Master&#39;s Residence is a single storey timber building set on concrete stumps and has a detached kitchen. The core of the building is clad in weatherboards and has a roof comprising three parallel gables clad in corrugated iron. It is encircled by a verandah with a separate roof supported by timber posts. It has sash windows and French doors opening onto the verandah at the front and rear.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the house is a rectangular timber building linked to it by a walkway. This building has exposed studs and a single gabled roof clad with corrugated iron. The roof is extended at the rear and supported on timber posts. A small extension has been made at the side of the building to accommodate a bathroom.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are surrounded by timber post and chain wire fence.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Station Master&#39;s Residence Forsayth was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Station Masters Residence at Forsayth is one of three such residences built as part of the infrastructure servicing the private railway of a major mining company. They express the dominance of the Chillagoe Company in the economy of North Queensland, 1898-1914. The line was a vital link in the Companys operations, bringing in fuel for the smelters and taking out minerfals, but it also worked as a community railway servicing the needs of those living on the line and in the service towns.</p><br>
<p>The Etheridge line is rare as a private railway and the provision of Station Master&#39;s residences demonstrates the quality and importance of the facility to the Chillagoe Company.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Etheridge line is rare as a private railway and the provision of Station Master&#39;s residences demonstrates the quality and importance of the facility to the Chillagoe Company.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Station Master&#39;s residence has aesthetic value as a well-executed variation of a traditional dwelling within the Queensland vernacular tradition and makes a substantial contribution to the built character of Forsayth.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is important for its connection with the life and work of the prominent engineer, A S Frew, who designed both the line and the structures along it, endowing them with a personal interpretation of the established local tradition in domestic architecture.</p><br>
<p>Mount Moran Battery is a heritage-listed former stamper battery at New Woolgar Road, Gilberton, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1924 to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 September 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mount Moran Battery is situated on a sloping ridge above the seasonally active Agate Creek, west of Forsayth. The isolated five head stamp battery was erected in 1924 to crush ore won from the three reefs worked in the area - the Mona, Iona and Bosker.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered in the Georgetown Mining District in 1868 and a series of gold and base metal discoveries followed. The region became known as the Etheridge Gold and Mineral Field. The field peaked as a gold producer in the 1890s but was in decline by World War I. High base metal prices turned attention to lead, silver and copper and the field boomed until the onset of the Depression in the late 1920s again caused prices to drop. A brief revival in gold mining followed but the labour and materials shortages of World War Two ended all mining.</p><br>
<p>During the early years of gold discoveries on the Etheridge field small amounts of alluvial gold were found in gullies around Mount Moran. Although it was not until the 1920s that the area produced three working gold reefs. Between 1922 and 1936 the three mines, the Mona, Iona and Bosker, yielded 1,033 ounces of gold. Ore from the area was first crushed at the Ortona battery. By 1924 Mount Moran required its own crushing facilities. The ten head battery at Ortona, situated about 3 miles from Mount Moran field, was relocated from Ortona to its present site.</p><br>
<p>In 1924 there was increased prospecting in the area with satisfactory results. Several new gold-bearing lodes were discovered, however most of the work was confined to the Finger Point mine. Here, the principal owners formed a syndicate and amalgamated their holdings in a 16 acre lease. The claims in the area were the Blue Spec, Bosker, Brown Hill, Dinkum, Finger Print, Lucky Hit, Iona and Peg Leg, with the deepest shafts of 22metres and 27metres being sunk on the Peg Leg and Finger Print respectively.</p><br>
<p>The 1930s saw a brief revival in the area then known as "the Mount Moran group of gold mines". In 1936 the Mount Moran Battery crushed 157 tons of ore to yield 58 ounces of gold. However, there appears to have been no activity after this date. The Mount Moran Battery presumably ceased operation as the mines in the area closed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Moran Battery contains the remains of a five head stamp battery including mortar box, stamper rods and belt wheel. The battery frame has been removed. A colonial boiler, the remains of a steam engine with fly wheel and several berdan pans are located alongside the stamp battery. A collapsed corrugated iron camp is located across a gully to the west of the battery. A small steam pump is located near a well on a watercourse east of the battery. The place includes several early open workings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mount Moran Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 September 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Moran Mine is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s mining history, in particular the Etheridge Gold and Mineral Field. It contributes to an understanding of ore crushing technology utilised on a marginal lode and is an example of a small battery which was set up to crush ore for a few small mines in an isolated area of the remote field.</p><br>
<p>Daytona Beach Coquina Clock Tower is a clock tower located in Daytona Beach, Florida. It is a contributing property within the Daytona Beach Bandshell and Oceanfront Park Complex historic district which was entered into the United States National Register of Historic Places  on February 25, 1999 from a multiple property submission under the following areas of significance: Entertainment, Recreation, Community Planning and Development, and Architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The Oceanfront Park Complex property was constructed of concrete and coquina rock between 1936 and 1937 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). It originally was a large beachfront park that included several small rectangular pavilions, octagonal kiosks, a bathhouse, coquina rock veneered shops and stores, concessions and game rooms, two coquina rock veneered pedestrian underpasses, a coquina rock veneered Bandshell and its spectator seating area, the Edward H. Armstrong Monument, and a coquina rock veneered Clock Tower and Fountain.</p><br>
<h3>Great Depression-era (WPA) Construction Project</h3><br>
<p>In the 1930s, Daytona Beach was in the midst of a severe economic depression (the Great Depression). City officials needed a way to bring tourists to the area despite the economic woes of the time. In 1934, Daytona Beach Mayor Edward H. Armstrong and other city officials began a two-year lobbying effort to the federal government to build a large outdoor amphitheater complex. In January 1936 the project was approved under the jurisdiction of the WPA with the stipulation that the city of Daytona Beach add a large amount of money into the project. A prominent local architect, Alan J. MacDonough, Sr., (who designed several buildings that are now on the United States’ National Register of Historic Places), was hired to design the entire complex. The project started in 1936 as WPA workers excavated and removed more than 48,000 cubic yards of sand to level the construction site area.</p><br>
<h4>WPA Construction Project Problems</h4><br>
<p>In the beginning of the project WPA workers used local beach sand to fill the foundation area and salt water to mix the concrete. The base began to crack and crumble due to this poor quality construction technique. Delays occurred when the base had to be broken up and removed and the concrete had to be poured again using the proper construction process by the use of clean fresh water to mix the concrete and gravel was used to fill the foundation area. Questions and concerns were raised by state officials regarding the management of the project as the delays caused financial problems.</p><br>
<h4>WPA Construction Project Temporarily Halted</h4><br>
<p>The Florida Legislature, led by Governor David Sholtz launched a state investigation. The Daytona Beach city charter called for the dismissal, by the governor, of all officials responsible for the exceeding the budget. Assuming that they were going to be removed from office Daytona Beach Mayor Edward Armstrong and two commissioners, George T. Robinson and R.W. Carswell resigned from their offices on December 10, 1936. Interestingly, both Armstrong and Robinson appointed their wives to fill their office vacancies.</p><br>
<p>On December 30, 1936, Governor Sholtz ordered Mayor Irene Armstrong (Edward Armstrong’s wife), three city commissioners, the city clerk and the city manager to resign from their offices, holding them responsible for budget issues and poor judgement related to city affairs. Two hundred National Guardsmen were ordered to Daytona Beach to install new officials that were appointed by Sholtz, and to confiscate the city’s financial records (including those associated with the clock tower’s project.) Approximately one hundred local policeman and heavily armed city employees barricaded themselves inside the city hall building to protect Mayor Irene Armstrong and other city officials. Many city records were destroyed by city employees during this time.</p><br>
<p>A crowd of more than two thousand people gathered outside the building. It seemed an armed confrontation was about to occur. Fortunately, a temporary restraining order was issued by Circuit Court Judge Herbert Frederick that prevented the newly appointed officials from entering the building. On January 4, 1937 the Florida Supreme Court ruled to uphold the restraining order, and on a technicality, vacated Governor Sholtz’s orders to remove Daytona Beach city officials.</p><br>
<p>After a 5-day standoff the National Guardsmen and the crowds left the area and the near disastrous incident is now known in local lore as the “Battle of Daytona Beach”. The ruling, in addition to Governor Sholtz’s term ending and new Governor Fred P. Cone taking office and having no interest in challenging the court’s decision allowed for Edward Armstrong, and the other city officials, to be reinstated into their former offices on March 4, 1937.</p><br>
<h4>WPA Construction Project Completed</h4><br>
<p>By the summer of 1937, a majority of the project was completed. The project&#39;s final cost exceeded $300,000 (approximately $84,000 came from the city of Daytona Beach.) The park complex was one of the largest of its kind anywhere in the world at the time. The dedication of the park complex was held on Independence Day, July 4, 1937. But several delays with completing associated facilities in the park caused the official dedication to be held on January 1, 1938. Sadly, Mayor Edward Armstrong was not able to attend the dedication services and the next day he died. Since he was the person most responsible for the building of the park complex WPA workers erected a monument in the park in his honor (to this day the monument does not have any inscriptions).</p><br>
<h4>=Original Mid-1930s Seth Thomas Clockworks=</h4><br>
<p>The original mid-1930s clockworks were a Seth Thomas Clock Company 8-day timepiece, Model #4 - 1912 tower clock movement with serial number 3180. This movement had a 4 foot long pendulum with a 28 lb. pendulum ball. It featured a power wind mechanism with a mercury switch that included a power reserve of 2 to 3 hours. When the weights dropped to a fixed distance the mercury switch was triggered which then activated the power wind mechanism to automatically rewind the weights. The movement was eventually converted to a full electric motor driven mechanism (electrified) in the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>1986-87 Redevelopment Project</h2><br>
<p>A redevelopment project that took place between 1986 and 1987 featured the construction of the Marriott Convention Hotel which caused the removal of several original structures in Oceanfront Park. The original structures that were demolished included the small rectangular pavilions, octagonal kiosks, bathhouse, coquina rock veneered shops and stores, and the concessions and game rooms. (The original underpasses were closed in 1974 and completely filled in with gravel and dirt to prevent vagrancy.) The surviving parts of the original park are the Daytona Beach Bandshell and its spectator seating area, the Edward H. Armstrong Monument, and the Daytona Beach Clock Tower and Fountain.</p><br>
<h2>52nd Anniversary Ceremony</h2><br>
<p>The Clock Tower&#39;s 52nd Anniversary rededication ceremony was a big success thanks to NAWCC member, the late Jack Smith. Due to a lack of maintenance and routine service, in addition to severe encrusted bird droppings contamination the clockworks had stopped working and Daytona Beach officials thought that it might never work again. Smith volunteered his time and clock repairing skills and was able to get the clock movement cleaned up, serviced and back into running order in time for the rededication ceremony. During the July 4, 1989 rededication ceremony Daytona Beach Mayor Larry Kelly, said to Jack, "You helped us do it. Thanks a billion."</p><br>
<h2>Clock Tower Renamed</h2><br>
<p>The city of Daytona Beach’s Historic Preservation Advisory Board renamed the Daytona Beach Coquina Clock Tower in honor of Sir Malcolm Campbell (the famous automobile speedster who set numerous world land speed records on city beaches.) This name change was prompted in 1989 when Campbell Street was renamed in recognition of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The city was in search of permanent recognition of Campbell’s achievements so the renaming of the beachside Clock Tower was an excellent and obvious choice. A commemorative bronze plaque is mounted on a large piece of coquina rock in the east side fountain area and it reads, “Sir Malcolm Campbell, Honoring his land speed record of 276.82 mph achieved on these sands in 1935. Daytona Beach City Commission, Mayor Baron ‘Bud’ Asher, Historic Preservation Board, Rededicated Sept. 27, 2002.”</p><br>
<h2>Condition Assessment Report of 2014</h2><br>
<p>The Renker-Eich-Parks Architects firm was hired by the city of Daytona Beach to inspect the Daytona Beach Clock Tower and write a Condition Assessment Report. This report includes sections on the Physical Condition Assessment and Preservation/Restoration Recommendations. A summary of the condition states that the four French style buttresses have some eroded coquina rock, there are several areas that require new mortar and the entire structure requires new electrical wiring that is up-to-date with current codes.</p><br>
<p>Recommended Priority Work includes: Repoint Deteriorated Mortar Joints, Reset Grotto Coquina Stone where missing, Repair Cast Concrete Sconce Base, Re-mortar Joints at Clock Room Roof, Repair Concrete at Clock Room Roof, Replace damaged/missing wood structure, Treat Algae inside Cupola and Clock Room, Replace Rusting Clock Bracket Fasteners, Patch Coat at Clock Openings, Restore Spire and Weather Vane, Clean Bird Nests/General Cleaning, Structural – Concrete Repair at Hatch Floor, Electrical (remove all existing electrical items from the structure and replace them with new electrical lights, wiring, panels, receptacles and controls.)</p><br>
<p>Recommended Non-Priority Work includes: Replace Coquina Veneer Stone on Buttress Arch Tops, Remove Stainless Steel Rods and Hooks (patch holes), and Paint Stone Checker Pattern Infills (Red and Yellow).</p><br>
<p>Clockworks: Replace clock operating mechanisms and hands: Provide new master clock controller, new timepieces with new hands (hands shall match historic originals from photographs and with review and approval from architect), replace clock dials and exterior wood trim (ensure weather tight installation.)</p><br>
<p>Although there is obviously numerous interior and exterior maintenance issues with the Daytona Beach Clock Tower the conclusion of this report found it to be in overall fair condition.</p><br>
<h2>2015/16 Rehabilitation & Clockworks Replacement Project</h2><br>
<p>Based on the Condition Assessment Report and recognizing that the historic Daytona Beach Coquina Clock Tower has been in deteriorating condition for many years a Historic Preservation Small Matching Grant for the rehabilitation of the Daytona Beach Clock Tower was submitted to the state of Florida’s Division of Historic Resources, Bureau of Historic Preservation on May 30, 2014 for a Clock Tower Rehabilitation Project.</p><br>
<p>A total of $231,000 was awarded ($50,000 from a Florida Bureau of Historic Preservation grant and $181,000 from the city of Daytona Beach) for the project. The project will not modify or change the accessibility to the landmark site. Additionally, it will preserve the historic landmark and enhance public awareness of the Clock Tower structure.</p><br>
<h2>Successful Completion of the 2015/16 Rehabilitation Project</h2><br>
<p>The 2015/16 project was successfully completed ahead of schedule. Various new items have been installed and the structural restoration has been completed. New custom dials and hands were made by the Verdin Company in their Cincinnati, Ohio plant. The dials are made from 3/8” translucent acrylic sheet and the letters are made from 1/8” black acrylic. The hands are made from an aluminum composite material and finished with automotive-grade acrylic urethane. The clock movements were replaced so all four dials now display the same accurate time.</p><br>
<p>The mortar joints have been repointed throughout the structure and the coquina rock pieces that were missing have been replaced. The blind oculus opening and the decorative inset grids on the cupola have been repainted. The entire structure has been rewired and new exterior and interior lighting has been installed. Lightning protective rods have been installed on the top of the tower. The fountain has been upgraded with a new motor and pump and it has been resurfaced as well.</p><br>
<h2>Hurricane Matthew Damage</h2><br>
<p>In October 2016, Hurricane Matthew caused minor damage to one of the clock towers dials and weather vane. The north facing dial was broken, most likely from a projectile from hurricane debris, and the eagle was blown off the top of the weather vane. A new replacement dial was made by the Verdin Company and installed in November 2016. The eagle was located, but was not re-installed due to considerable damage. A new replacement weather vane was made by American Bronze Foundry, Inc. and installed in April 2017. The electric movements and electrical wiring in the tower were inspected and the clock towers four dials are displaying accurate time.</p><br>
<p>Antbed House is a heritage-listed detached house at South Street, Georgetown, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 November 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Antbed House was erected, probably as a mine manager&#39;s residence. It is the only surviving adobe house identified in North Queensland towns, and is constructed of bricks made of antbed from termite mounds. Antbed was used more commonly for floors, tennis courts, and mortar or to seal slab buildings, but rarely for bricks.</p><br>
<p>Georgetown was established as the township of Etheridge, following the discovery of the Overland Telegraph reef near the Etheridge River in 1870, and was renamed by the Mines Department in honour of the Etheridge goldfields first Gold Commissioner, Howard St George, who was appointed in 1872. Initially it was just one of several shanty town which mushroomed on the huge Etheridge goldfield following publication early in 1869 of geologist Richard Daintrees discoveries of gold on the Gilbert River. A rush began immediately, and by July 1869 there were 3000 men on the field. By late 1871, the township of Etheridge (Georgetown) had a population of 600, and emerged as the fields administrative centre. From the early 1870s, both the police and the mining warden (who usually was the police magistrate as well) were located at Georgetown; the town was serviced by the Bank of New South Wales and the overland telegraph from Normanton to Cardwell from 1872; and a state school opened at Georgetown in July 1874. Timber was scarce, and most of the buildings were constructed of timber frames clad with corrugated galvanised iron.</p><br>
<p>Georgetown was a mining township, subject to the Gold Fields Act of 1874, and sections 1 to 20 of the township of Georgetown were surveyed in mid-1874 by mining surveyor EA Kayser. His survey plan, dated 25 July 1874, indicates buildings already erected in the township, including structures outside of the surveyed sections. The Antbed House is not indicated on this plan.</p><br>
<p>The population and fortunes of Georgetown fluctuated in the 1870s, following the discovery in 1873 of the rich Palmer River Goldfield to the east of the Etheridge, and the Hodgkinson rush of 1876. However, by mid 1878 miners were returning to the Etheridge, and Georgetown settled into an administrative and commercial role, serving Etheridge pastoralists and a number of London-based mining companies. Between 1880 and 1900 Georgetown, with an average population of around 300, experienced something of a building boom, with a new court house, school, post office, and bank, and the hotels re-built as more substantial structures. These buildings were of timber and iron.</p><br>
<p>Increasing demand for Gold Field Homestead Leases at Georgetown resulted in a Mines Department survey of Sections 21 to 26 of the town of Georgetown, late 1888 early 1889, as residential allotments. The site of the Antbed House (allotments 1 and 2 of Section 22, parish of Georgetown, county of Gilbert) was included in this survey, and there is no indication on the plan, dated 1 February 1889, that there was any structure on the site at the time of survey.</p><br>
<p>In July 1889 application was made by the British mining company, the Goldfields of North Queensland Limited, for a Gold Fields Homestead Lease on allotments 1 and 2 of Section 22, at the corner of South and Haldane Streets, Georgetown. The area comprised 2 roods, and at the time of the application, there were no prior claims to this ground. Lease No.257 was prepared by the Mines Department and forwarded to the mining warden at Georgetown in September 1890. It was delivered the same month to the applicant company but appears to have been returned to the mining warden in December 1890 by William Kirby, the new manager for The Goldfields of North Queensland Limited mining company.</p><br>
<p>The Goldfields of North Queensland Limited mining company had been incorporated in London in March 1888 and was registered in Queensland on 25 July 1888, with the company office registered at Georgetown. On that same date the company purchased the leases, plant, buildings etc. of The Mining and Prospectus Company Ltd (also London based), which incorporated the following Etheridge claims and leases: Melbourne Exhibition, Spiro (or Spero) Meliora, Caledonia (Lanes Creek), International (Donneybrook), Rocky, Stonewall Jackson, Ann Day, Havelock Block and Reef, Captain Townley, and King William. On paper the company was a substantial enterprise, with capital of £100 000, but it appears to have become defunct in the early 1890s. The only crushings recorded under the name of The Goldfields of North Queensland Limited were made in July 1889, but output records of individual crushing mills within the consortium, particularly Lanes Creek and Donneybrook, were recorded through the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>It is likely that the Antbed House in Georgetown was erected in 1889 or 1890 for the Georgetown manager of The Goldfields of North Queensland Limited mining company, prior to the lease instrument having been issued. The adobe brick building was rendered externally to resemble stonework, and was a substantial residence comprising a large parlour, wide hallway and two bedrooms in the main house, with wide verandahs on all sides and a detached antbed kitchen house at the rear. Of more imposing appearance than the usual timber and iron Georgetown dwelling, this house could well have been erected for the manager of what started out as a substantial mining enterprise.</p><br>
<p>In April 1896, the Georgetown mining warden reported that Gold Fields Homestead Lease No.257, Georgetown, had been forfeited and written off, and that Etheridge grazier Marmaduke Curr of Abingdon Downs had applied that month for a new lease (No.545) of the site. The warden, reporting on the application on 19 May 1896, recorded that improvements consisted of a dwelling house valued at £200, and this is likely to be the Antbed House.</p><br>
<p>The new lease instrument was received by the Georgetown mining warden in September 1896 and forwarded to Mr Curr&#39;s agent in early November that year. However, the lease was transferred on 7 November 1896 to Louisa Boyle, wife of Vicars William Boyle, manager of the Queensland National Bank at Georgetown until its closure in July 1894, and a mining manager at Georgetown by 1896. It is not known whether Curr ever used the Antbed House as his town residence, nor for how long the Boyles occupied the residence (if at all) until the lease was transferred to newspaper proprietor Thomas Everett in February 1902.</p><br>
<p>By 1901, Everett had joined John Phair as co-proprietor of Georgetowns local newspaper, The Mundic Miner (first issued 1889), and by 1904 was the sole proprietor. A photograph of the Everett family in front of their Georgetown residence, the present Antbed House, appeared in The North Queensland Register of 16 September 1907, and the lease was transferred into Mrs Everetts name in 1914. The Everetts left Georgetown, when the newspaper was taken over by Arthur Gard, and it is understood the Antbed House changed hands a number of times in the next three decades, although no transfer of the lease was recorded at Georgetown. Under the provisions of the Gold Fields Leases Act of 1886, rents could be paid up to 30 years in advance. It would seem that this was the case with lease No.545, with the final payment made up to 1927.</p><br>
<p>In 1946 the Aylett family, occupants of the house since, enquired about obtaining a lease on the property, in consequence of which in 1947 the lease, then still in the name of Eleonore Claudine Helene Everett, was declared forfeited by non-payment of rent, and was re-issued to Hedley Raymond Aylett and Isabell Glenalbion Maud Aylett on 5 January 1950, as Miners Homestead Perpetual Lease No.1441. In 1948 the wardens report on the Aylett&#39;s application listed improvements comprising a four-roomed house and fencing to the value of £150.</p><br>
<p>The Ayletts maintained the lease until 1978, when it was transferred to John Henry Butler and Christine Joy Butler. In 1987 the lease passed to Gordon Charles Bunch and Leanne Marie Bunch, then to Georgetown grazier Ian Benjamin Pedracini in November 1993. On the 1 December 1994, Mr Pedracini freeholded Miners Homestead Perpetual Lease No.1441 as Lot 13 on MPH14038, parish of Georgetown.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Antbed House is rectangular in plan and approximately 8 metres by 9 metres with a steeply pitched pyramidal corrugated iron clad roof with a convex unframed corrugated iron verandah which sits about 0.4 metre below the roof eaves and is supported on timber posts.</p><br>
<p>The walls of the house are about 3.5 metres high and are made from earth bricks which have standard dimensions 0.2 metre long X 0.09 metre high X 0.11 metre wide. The external walls are two standard brick lengths thick and the internal walls are one brick thick. The bricks are laid in the English bond pattern with alternate layers of headers and stretchers. Longer bricks are used at the corners and openings of the building. The bricks are rendered with a lime coating, which is scored externally to resemble ashlar stonework and has black tuck pointing added. The bricks appear to have been constructed locally from a termite mound known as "Ant Bed".</p><br>
<p>The timber verandah floor has been replaced with concrete and concrete is used for flooring throughout the house except in one room which retains a timber boarded floor. Several layers of early linoleum survive on this floor. The interior is open to the underside of the roof and it is unclear whether a ceiling was removed although this seems unlikely.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Antbed House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 November 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Antbed House at Georgetown was erected as mine managers residence and survives as important evidence of Georgetowns role as the administrative centre of one of Queenslands earliest goldfields. In this, the Antbed House is important in demonstrating in part the pattern and evolution of Queenslands history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Antbed House is a rare adobe residence which survives as an important illustration of 19th century difficulties experienced in Queensland&#39;s far northern goldmining towns in obtaining available, affordable and appropriate building materials. It is the only substantially intact 19th century adobe house identified in north Queensland towns, and is even more rare for its use of antbed (from termite mounds) rather than mud. Adobe houses were rare for both the place and the period, most remote Queensland goldfields buildings being constructed of less substantial and more transportable timber and/or galvanised iron.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Antbed House is significant for its potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history particularly in the area of early adobe construction.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Antbed House has aesthetic significance as an unusual north Queensland building, the design of which has been well considered.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Antbed House has a special association with the Georgetown community, which considers the place to be an unusual and historical feature of the town to which visitors are directed.</p><br>
<p>Ortona Mine and Battery is a heritage-listed mine at Forsayth-Agate Creek - Ortona  Station Road, Gilberton, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1899 to 1908. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ortona Mine and Battery is located 100 km south of Georgetown and is the most isolated copper mine and treatment plant in the Georgetown Mining District. The mine appears to have operated only briefly, from 1899 to 1908. The remote location of Ortona Mine created difficulties with developing the ore reserves.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered in the Georgetown Mining District in 1868 and a series of other gold and base metal discoveries followed. The region became known as the Etheridge Gold and Mineral Field. The field peaked as a gold producer in the 1890s but was in decline by World War I. High base metal prices turned attention to lead, silver and copper and the field boomed until the onset of the Depression in the late 1920s again caused prices to drop. A brief revival in gold mining followed but the labour and materials shortages of World War Two ended all mining.</p><br>
<p>The Ortona Mine copper lodes were discovered in 1899 by Scarden and Smyth, two prospectors. In 1901 Scarden and Smyth sold the mine to Anthony Linedale. Linedale was reportedly working in association with John Moffat and the Irvinebank Mining Company. Cartage and treatment costs were very high and many mines starting up in the early 1900s could not afford to stay in business. Linedale, however, was able to make a profit by sending copper ore to Townsville by teams and then transported the copper on to London.</p><br>
<p>Between 1899 and 1908 about 145 tons of rich ore was sent for smelting. Records of 1908 show that 2,345 tons of ore were stacked ready for treatment, waiting for the completion of a reverberatory furnace. The mine was exploited to the water level by shafts and drives. With the use of an engine and baling tank one shaft was extended to 47m below water level. A crushing plant was later erected. However, there is no evidence of a furnace or any slag in the area so it is not known whether the furnace did become operational, or even for how long the mines operated. However records show that in 1910. Linedale&#39;s company constructed a road from their Ortona mine to Forsayth to connect with the Etheridge Railway.</p><br>
<p>An undated map of Ortona shows a cottage and office with a well and another office nearby, on the bank of the Percy River. On the same side of the river, further south, a hotel and kitchen apparently owned by August Kremens are located. On the opposite bank another hotel and kitchen, under the name of George Daly Ryan and next to it, a butcher shop with the name John Henry Clarke are also marked.</p><br>
<p>A brief revival of the Ortona Mine in 1919 was prompted by new gold finds. Although this engendered some activity, miners were by then deserting the area. Later prospectors and fossickers were discouraged by a lack of available explosives, as well as ongoing drought conditions, and seemed unprepared to work such an isolated area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ortona Mine and Battery is situated on the banks of the Percy River on a large area of land that crosses a series of small seasonally active creeks. The place comprises early mine workings and the surviving components of a mill and mining camp. All of the components are located in close association.</p><br>
<p>The mine workings comprise three groups of shallow open workings and a shaft. Surviving crushing and concentrating plant located on the site of the mill shed includes a jaw crusher, jigs, tables and a flat bed steam engine. The mill shed has mostly collapsed, although some of the bush timber uprights and part of the roof frame, with corrugated iron sheets, remains standing. The nearby workshop, which is similarly constructed, has partly collapsed around a tractor with a front loading scoop.</p><br>
<p>A boiler and a compressor are located in association with shafts and workings at the western end of the place. Adjacent are the remains of two small buildings constructed with flagstone surfaces and stone pitched wall sections. The purpose of these structures is not evident, although they may have been lock-up stores. The camp comprises the remains of a corrugated iron shed and a stove and fridge.</p><br>
<p>Several graves, including one with a headstone, are located in the proximity of the camp.</p><br>
<p>Artefacts and cultural features are numerous in both amount and variety. Bottle fragments are extremely common but occur in definite concentrations. Most bottles appear to be crown seal and are machine made. Bottles from Australian Glass Manufacturers (AGM) appear with some regularity. Three AGM base marks have been identified, one used between 1922–29, a second between 1929-33 and a third between 1934-48.</p><br>
<p>There are brick fragments throughout the site. Oral evidence suggests that a Mr Brown made the bricks on site. The kiln for the manufacture of the bricks was destroyed in the 1960s when work was conducted on the dam.</p><br>
<p>To the east of the main mine complex are the ruins of two dry stone wall structures. The structure closest to the mine complex has a ground surface area of 8 m and has a slate floor with an obvious edge. Remnants of two exterior corner walls survive and are constructed by embedding slate into antbed. The extant walls are approximately 2 m high. Oral evidence indicates that this building was the manager&#39;s residence, the last known manager being Anthony Linedale.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ortona Mine and Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Ortona Mine and Battery is significant demonstrating the effort employed in the early exploration and development of mineral deposits, in this case, copper. The place is the most isolated copper mine and treatment plant in the Georgetown Mining District. It contains historical landscape qualities and demonstrates a combining of natural and cultural heritage values.</p><br>
<p>Aspasia Mine and Battery is a heritage-listed mine and stamper battery at Gulf Developmental Road, Georgetown, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1916 to 1952. It is also known as Mount Turner Battery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 April 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Aspasia Mine, 3–4 km west of Durham on the former Etheridge Gold and Mineral Field, was worked from 1916 to 1929, during the 1930s, and between 1947 and 1952, producing gold, silver, lead and copper.</p><br>
<p>The Etheridge was an unusually large gold/mineral field and the rushes were widely scattered. The first recorded gold in the district was found by geologist Richard Daintree in 1867 near present day Georgetown. A series of other gold and base metal discoveries followed and after publication early in 1869 of Daintree&#39;s report of discoveries of gold on the Gilbert River, the first rush began. By July 1869 a population of 3,000 were mining the rivers for alluvial gold, and by November 1870 reef mining had commenced. By late 1871, the township of Etheridge (later Georgetown) had a population of 600. The Etheridge Goldfield was proclaimed officially on 18 January 1872, with Georgetown designated the administrative centre.</p><br>
<p>In 1872 the Durham area, just west of Georgetown, was developed with more than 44 separate auriferous reefs being worked and crushing machinery set up in Georgetown. The Durham Mine worked a rich auriferous reef down to the 122m level between 1879 and 1899 and again from 1907. It produced over 20,000 ounces of gold.</p><br>
<p>For a short time the Etheridge was one of the richest goldfields in Queensland and in 1885 was still the second highest producer behind Charters Towers. However, due to the isolation, which resulted in high transport costs and scarcity of labour, and with the continuing development of Ravenswood (1868) and the Hodgkinson (1876) in competition, production began to lag behind other fields. Etheridge reefs were small and shallow, yet expensive to develop. The high cost of living meant the population was less likely to settle permanently, so the availability of labour was an uncertain factor. It was, however, known as a reliable standby when other rushes had been worked out.</p><br>
<p>The Etheridge field peaked as a gold producer in the 1890s but was in decline by World War I. However, high base metal prices during the war turned attention to lead, silver and copper and the field boomed until the onset of the Depression in the late 1920s again caused prices to drop. The 1930s Depression temporarily rejuvenated the Etheridge due to the tendency for gold values to rise during a depression, and unemployment relief funds were provided to assist prospectors.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 3.5 km west of the Durham and north of Hawkins Hill, a line of reefs can be found. The most southerly mine, the Aspasia, was worked between 1916 and 1929, during the 1930s and between 1947 and 1952, for gold-silver-lead ore. Silver-lead-zinc ore was first discovered near the site of the Aspasia in 1888, but it wasn&#39;t until the World War I boom in base metals that the area began to be mined. The main workings consisted of three shafts and nearly 45m of stopes, from the surface down to at least 9m. Officially the records show a production of 716 tons of ore, returning 37 ounces of gold, 14,626 ounces of silver, 285 tons of lead and 0.8 tons of copper.</p><br>
<p>In the aftermath of World War II, production costs rose and after 1950, silver-lead prices fell, leading to the closure of the Aspasia mine in 1952.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Aspasia Mine and Battery is located 1 kilometre north of the Gulf Developmental Road, approximately 11 kilometres west of Georgetown. The terrain surrounding the battery is mostly flat with a line of reefs forming a low ridge from the southwest corner to the northeast corner of the site. It is sparsely vegetated with eucalypt and grass and is grazed upon by cattle. On the western boundary the landscape undulates with a series of eroded gullies. At the southeast corner of the site, a large quartz outcrop is visible alongside a station track.</p><br>
<p>The place contains mine workings, a battery and concentration plant foundations arranged in close association. The main component of the place is an almost intact five head stamp battery set on rendered brick and stone mounts. Concrete foundations for the diesel power plant (which has been removed) are located alongside the stamp battery. Parts of another five head stamp battery are scattered to the south west of the battery area, however there are no foundations to indicate installation of a second stamper. A timbered shaft, partly caved at the surface, is situated 8 metres south of, and in line with the batterys mortar box. The former hoisting gear over this shaft comprises a light bush timber whip pole and metal pulley. The battery area contains bush timber uprights of varying lengths which formed supports for the battery shed roof, water tanks and belt wheel shafts. Southeast of the stamper are the remains of an elevated tank and tank stand. The stands timber stumps remain in place, but the corrugated iron tank has fallen and lies between the stumps and an adjacent mineshaft. A mullock heap about 3 metres wide and 30 metres in length stretches in an east-west direction to the north of the stamper. A line of shallow, open stopes extends northward of the stamp battery from the north edge of the mullock heap.</p><br>
<p>A linear arrangement of 3 shallow pits is located about 260 metres south of the battery area and on the reef line. Approximately 100 metres north of the battery area, on the eastern side of the station track, is a shallow shaft and associated mound. This feature forms the northern most point of the heritage boundary.</p><br>
<p>The two shafts and series of open stopes within the battery area, as well as the shallow pits to the south and north of the battery, are located on the reef line that traverses the site from southwest to northeast.</p><br>
<p>Surface evidence of the former workshop and camp (including scatters of corrugated iron sheeting, remains of timber stumps, and bottle and tin can scatters) is located approximately 140 metres south of the battery and about 40 metres directly west of a station track. Some of the tin cans evident in this scatter carried inscriptions on their bases which read "use before 30 Oct 1951", as well as 1950.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Aspasia Mine and Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 April 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Aspasia mine and battery is significant in Queensland&#39;s history as an example of a small battery working through the Depression years and until after World War 2 and producing a range of base metals including silver-lead.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The compactness of the site and relatively intact state of the stamp battery, haulage gear and water tanks, is rare in North Queensland. The close spatial relationship between the mine and battery is typical of early mining operations conducted on a small intermittently worked scale. Location of a treatment plant on top of a potential mineral resource is today unusual. The very intact timbering in the mine shaft, including the ladder, and the intact whip pole, are rare in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The stamp battery, haulage gear and water tanks retain the principal characteristics of their type and are important in illustrating the nature of early to mid 20th century mining technology and mining practices for small mines on Northern Queensland mineral fields. The place is significant as a highly legible former mining site in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place possesses aesthetic significance generated by the strong visual impact inherent in the juxtaposition of remnant mine objects, machinery and workings within an arid, isolated natural environment.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Morris Mine is a heritage-listed former mine at Georgetown Mining District, Gilberton, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1903 to 1910. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 April 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Etheridge Gold Fields were discovered in 1869, with the first findings along the Etheridge River. By 1885 the Etheridge field, was the second most important in Queensland after Charters Towers, producing upwards of 20,000 ounces of gold.</p><br>
<p>Gilberton township was founded in the 1870s, in a remote area some 110 km south of the principal township of Georgetown. The gold found around Gilberton occurred in a free state and was erratically distributed. Sometimes almost barren quartz yielded phenomenally rich patches of gold. For example, 2 tons of ore from the Joseph Morris field returned 48.23 ounces after rich specimens had been removed.</p><br>
<p>Although the nearby Cosmopolitan line of reefs was worked from 1871, the Joseph Morris reef was not worked until 1903. The Joseph Morris mine was sunk to 60m on a reef striking north. The remaining workings consist of a timbered shaft, open to the water level of about 30m and situated in the middle of a line of collapsed stopes.</p><br>
<p>A 60 ounce nugget is reported to have been found near the Joseph Morris mine. The reef was well noted for its sometimes extremely rich returns. The mine was worked in 1903, 1907 and 1910, producing 403.2 ounces of gold from 37 tons of ore.</p><br>
<p>Local information claims that the mine was named after the son of an early owner, though this has not been able to be confirmed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The mine workings are located immediately on top of a steep bank overlooking a creek. They comprise an open-cut shaft or collapsed stope with a drive extending along the strike of the reef which is about 8m in depth. A mullock dump descends from the shaft to the creek bed. A portable engine and a portable boiler are aligned to the mine workings. The boiler is a wet bottom type constructed with early conical pointed rivets and possibly manufactured in the United States. Remnants of a stone mount for a Cornish boiler, located alongside the portable plant, are also aligned towards the mine. A Cornish boiler, which was still on site (though not in situ) in the mid 1970s, has since been removed. South of the machinery area is a rock scatter associated with a stone and mud mortar flue and chimney base, which may have also been foundations for a second Cornish boiler. Further south is an iron lined assay furnace of stone construction, and a small top-fed retort kiln. There is no definite evidence of a battery, such as discarded stamps, cams or tailings. The only likely battery foundations are two short vertical iron bolts, 1.6m apart, aligned with the portable engine. However these were more likely tension bolts for an engine or winch. An extensive area on the opposite bank of the creek extending west to the main road has been subjected to recent tree clearance and surface bulldozing. If a battery was located on the west side of Sandy Creek then all evidence of foundations and dumps would have been lost.</p><br>
<p>Surviving plants include:</p><br>
<p>one-cylinder portable steam engine - no brand (R. Hornsby or Ruston Hornsby?)</p><br>
<p>Portable wet bottom boiler - no brand</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Morris Mine was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 April 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Morris mine is important in demonstrating the evolution of the gold-mining industry in Queensland, particularly in the remote Gilberton field, a part of the Etheridge Gold Field.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Morris mine is significant for demonstrating a range of gold yields in quartz ore from barren to exceedingly rich.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>A portable steam engine and portable boiler on site are now the only such surviving examples recorded in the Gilberton locality. The wet bottom portable boiler is possibly of United States origin and is early and rare. It is the only wet bottom boiler recorded in North Queensland, and was probably used to power winding gear.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Morris mine is significant as it is representative example of the human effort and those technologies employed in gold mining operations during the second period of early mining on the Gilberton field at the beginning of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place contains a range of plant and structural features that were once representative of the second period of early mining on the remote Gilberton field.</p><br>
<p>Kidston State Battery is a heritage-listed stamper battery at Kidston in Einasleigh, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1907 to 1950. It is also known as Kidston Township. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Payable gold was discovered on the Copperfield River in September 1907 leading to the Oaks Rush as the field was initially known. It was declared the Oaks Goldfield in April 1908 and had a peak population of 1,700 by June 1908.</p><br>
<p>A township developed on the west bank of the Copperfield River. The mining warden noted in August 1908 that tents were being replaced by wood and iron buildings. By the dry season of 1909 the population had fallen dramatically to about 100 alluvial miners using dry blowers, but reefers had started work on the quartz veins. W. Browns Pioneer mill of five head was erected in May 1909 and W Suhle and Archbolds large Enterprise mill of five 1000 lb stamps was transferred from Georgetown and operating by April 1910.</p><br>
<p>Kidston, as the township for the Oaks diggings was named, was unusual for a North Queensland goldfield in that the citizens at first successfully excluded public houses and grog shops. However, despite the temperance movement there were two hotels by 1909 and Kidston developed the usual rowdiness of a bush mining town. There were two halls, a school and police station. A Kidston citizen&#39;s band was formed in 1912. Union activity was more evident and Kidston became more radical than other gold-mining towns in the Etheridge.</p><br>
<p>Kidston settled into systematic mining and was not directly effected by World War I nor the closure of the Chillagoe smelters. Water supply problems were alleviated in 1915 when a government dam was built on Butchers Creek. A period of high gold prices (1920–24) may have influenced the decision to build the Kidston State Battery. but the gradual decline of the field and the inadequacy of existing crushing equipment also added pressure. In May 1920, the Government Geologist, Dr Harold Ingemann Jensen, recommended that a modern battery be constructed at Kidston. By September the Union Battery at Percyville was being dismantled and the machinery moved to Kidston, while other machinery was obtained from the Big Reef (Castleton). Between eleven and eighteen men were employed establishing a sawmill, supplying the timber and constructing the battery, which commenced operations in May 1922.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s, the Oaks Goldfield reached a stage where the large, low grade deposits were becoming too poor to work in bulk. Consequently, most miners developed smaller, richer reefs which produced low tonnages of ore that were insufficient to keep the battery fully engaged.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 the battery treated 57 lots of ore totalling 2,611 tons yielding 880 oz of gold. In 1924 a number of improvements were made to the battery but owing to wet weather which cut off the battery from the mines, 781 tons of ore less were treated but the output rose to 1,391 oz of gold. The battery operated from January to November 1925 treating 27 parcels of lower grade ore totalling 1,601 tons producing 760 oz of gold. Mining quartz in bulk was unprofitable so only small rich leaders could afford to be worked. In 1926 only nine parcels of ore were treated - 500 tons yielding 456 oz of gold. The battery was only working intermittently during the year owing to the lack of supplies.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the battery operated efficiently for 78 days. The battery treated 14 parcels of ore totalling 428 tons in 1930 with a yield of 231.5 oz of gold. Crushing was only done intermittently. Two additional berdan pans were added in 1930. The introduction of motor transport to the field in 1931 enabled larger amounts of ore to be hauled in to the battery. Water for the battery had to be obtained by sinking in the riverbed. 350 tons of stone were crushed for a yield of 156 oz of gold. The school closed in 1930, but 15 buildings still remained in the township.</p><br>
<p>The battery operated from January to June 1932 and stopped for lack of water. 2,310 tons of low grade (4.5 dwts per ton) stone were crushed for a yield of 491 oz of gold. The battery operated almost continuously in 1933. A box race brought water to the battery from the Copperfield River. Although 4,420 tons of ore were treated it was of a much lower quality (surface loam) than previously, being only of 3 dwt average per ton. There were many machinery breakdowns in the battery in 1934. Considerable repairs were necessary including replacement of the Ackroyd wood producer gas generator by a No.6 Hornsby producer gas generator to operate on either coke or charcoal. 5,677 tons of stone (much of it surface loam) were crushed for a yield of 756 oz of gold (3 dwts per ton).</p><br>
<p>The cam shaft of the battery broke and the box drain for water from the river was insufficient in 1935 closing it down for repairs. The Hornsby engine was installed in February. 4,560 tons of stone were treated for a yield of 663 oz of gold. The battery operated 4,094 hours in 1936 producing 980 oz of gold from 6,951 tons of stone. G. Price at the Town View open cut had 750 tons treated at the Kidston battery for a yield of 55.77 oz of gold. The box water race from Copperfield River worked well as did the new Hornsby gas producer. 57 parcels were dealt with during the year. 66 parcels of ore were treated in 1938. In 1940 8,020 tons of ore from 22 mines were crushed in 3,648 hours of running time for 1,201 oz of gold.</p><br>
<p>The Kidston Battery did not operate during 1942 as miners had left the district and there was no ore available. It was decided to close down the battery for the duration of World War II and a caretaker was placed in charge of the battery. There was movement in 1946 to reopen the battery which attracted some prospectors back to the Oaks field. The battery was reopened in 1947 with Alf Hooley as manager and 1,238 tons of stone were treated for a yield of 94 oz of gold. Most of the stone treated was bulk samples obtained by H Dickinson from the surrounding hills. Crushing ceased early in 1949 and the battery did not operate after 1950.</p><br>
<p>The late development of the Oaks Goldfield meant that Kidston did not experience the evolution of building styles shown at earlier mining towns, but was able to take advantage of the ready accessibility of corrugated iron, going straight from tent settlement to iron-clad buildings. Other "imported" building materials were also well represented, there being five weatherboard-clad buildings surviving compared to eight iron buildings. The presence of an operating sawmill during the construction of the State Battery in 1921-2 may also explain the reason for the unusual number of weatherboard buildings. While iron buildings are common in many inland towns of Australia, there are surprisingly few surviving in great numbers in mining towns of North Queensland. Thus the existence of the group of buildings still making up Kidston is more unusual than might appear at first.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Kidston State Battery</h3><br>
<p>The battery contains three components, the battery shed, an associated cottage and a water pump. The battery shed is constructed on a bush timber frame with heavy bush timber uprights. The shed is clad in corrugated iron. Components of the crushing plant include timbered ore chutes to two primary crusher pits (one jaw crusher remains in situ), connected by two external ore bucket elevators to the ore bins, self-feeding 3 five-head stamp batteries. The two bucket elevators have been removed; however, their vertical housings form a distinctive external feature. The battery launders are intact but there are no copper amalgam plates. Only one of three slimes tables remain. A gas engine which formed the main power plant has recently been removed. Two berdan pans and a grinding pan remain in situ. A lean-to section alongside the battery building contains a smithy and a small workshop.</p><br>
<p>Two large elevated iron tanks (riveted fabrication) alongside the battery are fed by pipes connecting with a partly intact twin-cylinder pump which is mounted beside the river. A corrugated iron clad cottage above the pump may have been the battery manager&#39;s house. The house is in fair condition and contains garden plots and buildings.</p><br>
<p>Surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Jaw crusher - no brand visible</p><br>
<p>Five-head stamp battery - Maryborough Tooth & Co Vulcan Foundry Queensland (on mortar box), Tooth & Co (on iron standards)</p><br>
<p>Five-head stamp battery - Stuart & McKenzie Croydon Union Foundry (on mortar box), Tooth & Co (on iron standards)</p><br>
<p>Five-head stamp battery - (no brand on mortar box), Tooth & Co (on iron standards)</p><br>
<p>Slimes separation table</p><br>
<p>2 Berdan pans</p><br>
<p>2 Grinding pans (one in situ)</p><br>
<p>Gas producer plant (not in situ)</p><br>
<p>Two-cylinder ram pump - no brand (power unit removed).</p><br>
<h3>Kidston Township</h3><br>
<p>The surveyed portion of the town reserve that lies west of the old Gilberton Road contains surface remains of former buildings including stone surfaces, timber stumps and garden areas. The grave (with headstone) of Edward Albert Martel who died in 1908, is also located in this area. The grave pre-dates the 1917 establishment of Kidston cemetery about 2 km north. Martel&#39;s grave will be covered by proposed waste dumps.</p><br>
<p>The built portion of the town reserve occupies the eastern side of the old Gilberton Road, north of the Kidston State Battery through to the western bank of the Copperfield River. This precinct contains six early buildings which remain roofed, but abandoned and derelict, and surface evidence of at least three other buildings. The largest structure in the town is the recent Kidston Gold Mines core store which is housed under an expansive steel skillion roof. The early police station group alongside the core store includes a derelict weatherboard courthouse and station office, an adjacent corrugated iron clad house, and a weatherboard lock-up and cottage at the rear. About 60 m south of the police station is a corrugated iron clad building with a detached outhouse that may have formerly been a hotel (possibly the Shamrock Hotel).</p><br>
<p>Another group of abandoned buildings, including three timber-frame houses, are located about 250 m south of the battery. This group has a cohesive layout, resembling a homestead. An airstrip has been graded over the northern section of the town site.</p><br>
<p>Kidston cemetery is located about 2 km north of the township at 18&deg;5&prime;13&Prime;S latitude, 144&deg;10&prime;01&Prime;E longitude and is not included in the heritage boundary. The cemetery contains 25 identifiable graves including 10 with headstones. The earliest headstone marks the grave of John Joseph Hall who died on 28 January 1917 at 4 years 3 months. The latest headstone marks the grave of Theodore Lindner who died in 1939 aged 53 years.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kidston State Battery & Township was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Kidston battery (including the managers house and pump) is significant because of the role it played in supporting and extending the life of gold mining in North Queensland after what became the second last major alluvial gold rush in Queenslands history (the Oaks Rush of 1907). Its development and maintenance as a State battery from 1920 to 1950 is significant as demonstrated government support for regional employment and industrial development.</p><br>
<p>Kidston Township is significant through its association with the Oaks gold rush of 1907, the second last major alluvial rush in Queensland&#39;s history. Kidston, through the operation of the State Battery, supported the continuation of gold mining on the Etheridge field until the mid-twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The survival of a 15 head battery is rare in North Queensland and only the Venus State Battery at Charters Towers has more stamps (20) surviving. The combination of the battery manager&#39;s house and pump in relation to the battery and the surviving buildings in the township contribute added significance to the complex and its rarity.</p><br>
<p>The Stuart & McKenzie 5 head stamp battery manufactured by the Union Foundry, Croydon, is the only surviving stamp battery from this local company to be recorded in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Though now reduced in components and form, Kidston is a rare survivor of a once common pattern of Queensland settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Because little subsequent development has disturbed early parts of the settlement, which once had houses and tent dwellings, the potential exists to conduct archaeological survey work to detail the history of the township&#39;s development.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The battery demonstrates standard technology of the period and the high degree of self-sufficiency common to most isolated and remote mining operations in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Kidston demonstrates the characteristics of a small but persistent goldfield town. Some of its built characteristics reflect its twentieth century origins and distinguish it from earlier counterparts with evolved vernacular building forms. The earliest grave (1908) is in the township while later burials are in the cemetery north of the town.</p><br>
<p>Radar Hill is a heritage-listed radar station at Gulf Developmental Road, Mount Surprise, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built about August 1943 by the Allied Works Council. It is also known as No. 53 RDF Station. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 July 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>No.53 Radio Direction Finding Station was established in 1943 at Mount Surprise as one of 25 RDF stations controlled by the Royal Australian Air Force No.42 Radar Wing Headquarters in Townsville. These stations were constructed across northern Australia to provide warning of potential Japanese aircraft raids on Queensland&#39;s eastern seaboard centres. They utilised the most secretive of new technology and for security reasons little was known by the wider community of their existence and function. Frequently much of the associated infrastructure at these sites was removed or demolished after World War II.</p><br>
<p>In response to the Japanese military dominance in Southeast Asia and the western Pacific in 1942-43 and with the invasion of Australia seemingly imminent, a network of Radio Direction Finding (RDF) stations was established throughout the northern inland and coastal regions of Australia and Papua New Guinea and islands of the western Pacific Ocean. The Royal Australian Air Force constructed 25 RDF stations in northern Queensland, covering the area from Mackay to the Torres Strait, the Atherton Tableland, Cloncurry district and the Gulf of Carpentaria.</p><br>
<p>No.53 RDF Station at Mount Surprise was a key link in the detection of low flying aircraft heading from the Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies via the Gulf of Carpentaria in the direction of Townsville or the Atherton Tableland, in the Cairns hinterland, where many Australian and American military units were undergoing jungle warfare training. Its other roles were to provide assistance to the Catalina flying boats returning to base in Townsville, following long-range patrol over Java and in the training of radar personnel prior to postings to "active" areas.</p><br>
<p>Radio Direction Finding technology - later termed Radar to follow the American terminology - was developed by the British during the lead up to the second world war and was quickly shared with its major allies, including Australia. The enemy did not possess the technology; hence its development and application gave the allies an edge at a crucial time during the war. The equipment installed at the Australian radar stations was mostly an Australian version of the original British technology. The British Aircraft to Surface Vessel Mk I was modified by Australia&#39;s Radiophysics Laboratory (RPL) to a Shore Defence or Coastal Artillery radar then rapidly modified again by RPL to become Air Warning Mk I. These Australian electronics were the first in the world to have a timebase which was virtually unaffected by voltage variations in the power supply. The Australian version was designed for the tropics and was lightweight and portable for installation in remote locations.</p><br>
<p>The installation at Mount Surprise was Australian designed: an Air Warning (AW) aerial on an AW tower weighing 12 tons, with AW electronics. It is likely that the station operated AW Mk2 equipment, designed to be assembled on site from a kit provided. The kit, known as a "Doover", comprised the control tower, a hut for radar operators and mechanic, turning mechanism and radar transmitter/receiver screen and was hauled to the summit of the hill by flying fox. This rig proved extremely reliable and efficient in the tropics and was used by Australian, American and British forces. The operators&#39; hut was lined with masonite and clad with galvanized iron and was supplemented by separate facilities for power generation and distribution, operations and signals. The radar screen in this equipment utilised a 5-inch cathode-ray tube built into the receiver cabinet. The generator likely was powered by a Ford V8 alternator and the aerial was easily put together as it was formed from piping and hand turned.</p><br>
<p>The Allied Works Council (AWC) constructed No.53 RDF Station at Mount Surprise in early to mid 1943. A camp was constructed at the southern base of the hill and consisted of mess, kitchen and toilet/washroom facilities and accommodation tents. Replacement of the tents with prefabricated masonite huts commenced in November 1943, with all but one replaced by the end of March 1944. One airman later recorded that it was a very comfortable camp. Water was pumped some considerable distance from Elizabeth Creek.</p><br>
<p>No.53 RDF was formed at Richmond, New South Wales on 15 May 1943 with establishment strength of 38 (including one officer). Thirty-six personnel departed Richmond on 19 July 1943 with an advance party arriving at Mount Surprise on 29 July. The officer in charge conducted an inspection of facilities and returned immediately to No.42 Radar Wing in Townsville with a report.</p><br>
<p>The remaining personnel arrived on 14 August 1943 when investigations were under way to locate a suitable airstrip. By the end of that month, a camouflage party from the Department of Home Security was engaged at the station. During this time black-out lighting was installed, preparation of slit trenches was under-way, fixed weapons had been installed and small arms were issued to the airmen whose defence training included shooting expeditions in the surrounding country. Defence preparations continued in January 1944 with the construction of a 25-yard shooting range.</p><br>
<p>The radar installation was completed on 15 August 1943. Initially, No. 53 RDF obtained very few radar plots and there was uncertainty as to whether this was due to technical limitations (i.e. lack of range of the equipment) or due to absence of aircraft within reasonable range. Within three months the equipment was determined to provide excellent results at long range. In February 1944, despite technical difficulties and the Station operational on reduced power, results at up to 100 miles range were achieved.</p><br>
<p>The rapid early development in radar technology was evident at this station with the installation of an interrogator (equipment designed to receive and interpret signals to detect if an aircraft was friend or foe). The Station Diary (A50s) records that the interrogator installation party arrived by aircraft on 14 December 1943 and had the equipment operational within two days.</p><br>
<p>Station morale was maintained by the periodic visits of various padres on chaplaincy duty and officers of the 25 OBU (Operational Base Unit) who showed educational films and discussed technical courses. Fraternising with locals was not prohibited and generally took place at the nearby Mount Surprise hotel which was restricted to wartime rations of one nine gallon keg per week; at the weekly dances; and at cricket matches (e.g. "singles" vs "marrieds"). Other recreational pursuits took the form of a comprehensive physical training program including gymnastics and swimming parades. Overnight fishing expeditions to deep water holes along Elizabeth Creek were organized through the local police station and there were shooting expeditions to the surrounding country.</p><br>
<p>Rations were supplemented by the raising of young pigs captured during hunting expeditions to the surrounding country. Captured piglets were kept in a pen near the encampment and fed on kitchen scraps until considered rid of their objectionable wild taste.</p><br>
<p>Diary entries record the occasional disruptions to radar watch caused by normal and special maintenance or technical difficulties and the periodic visits of RAAF technicians to undertake special maintenance. Other interruptions arose from the occasional storm and disruptions to the power supply and interference to the otherwise poor telephone communications leaving the station totally isolated.</p><br>
<p>As the threat of invasion by Japan declined, significant operational changes occurred at No.53 RDF. From 22 May 1944 the previously continuous radar watch was reduced to four hours daily and by the end of June, operational strength was reduced to 18. Hitherto, operational strength had varied between 29 and 41.</p><br>
<p>On 8 January 1945 the Station was placed on a "care and maintenance basis" with reduced personnel after which its operational strength rapidly declined as staff were deployed elsewhere. The Station was relocated to Pitt Town, New South Wales on 2 June 1945.</p><br>
<p>Throughout its entire operational period, No.53 RDF Mount Surprise never detected any enemy aircraft and was never confronted with any hostility.</p><br>
<p>The former encampment area at the southern base of Mount Lookout is now the site of a local shire council gravel extraction operation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The remnant fabric of No.53 RDF Station at Mt. Surprise is dispersed over a wide area. The now collapsed radar control tower (part of the Doover) is located in the original position just beneath a rocky knoll at the northern end of Mount Lookout. From its location, excellent views are obtained west, north and east over the surrounding flat country. Extending southwards, other remnant infrastructure is located at various points on three small terraces at descending elevations and at the base of the hill where the encampment was located.</p><br>
<p>At the summit on the northern side there is a concrete roofed bunker (now semi-collapsed), excavated into the rocky outcrop, in association with a pit with circular concrete base and an embedded metal cylinder stood vertical. The metal cylinder has a handle and locking pin. This device is thought to be associated with a fixed machine gun. The pit is semi-ringed with excavated earth/rock.</p><br>
<p>Directly below the rocky knoll of the summit is a small flat terrace (8.2 metres x 8.8 metres) of granitic gravel/sand retained on one side by a low rock wall and an underlying concrete base for the Doover hut and tower. The Doover hut and tower, now collapsed and minus the transmitter/receiver (radar screen) and aerial etc., is essentially a four-legged BHP steel frame structure with remnant elements of corrugated iron sheeting (for the hut which housed 2 radar operators and a mechanic). Small ventilation slits are evident in one corrugated iron sheet. Other surviving features include electrical wire and metal conduit pipe. Turning mechanisms lie close by on the pad while further turning gear is evident within the structure. It appears that some of the iron in the structure has been salvaged at some time in the past.</p><br>
<p>The entire summit including the Doover pad is encircled by remnants of a 9-10 strand wire/barbed wire fence strung on bush poles (local adaptation) and semi-flanked on the western, northern and eastern sides by small "sentry posts" constructed from local rocks. A short swing arm is bolted near the top of some of the bush poles. The strategically placed "sentry posts" offer good vantage points to the country below. They are typically a crescent shaped arrangement of rocks piled to create a low protective barrier. Three iron stay poles are affixed to the ground at separate points some distance from the Doover. The cement base in which one stay is embedded is inscribed with the initials FWG, RCR, ECL and the date 6.5.43.</p><br>
<p>Other local adaptations are evident. Ironwood and Ironbark trees, used as telephone poles, with ceramic insulators affixed to squared timber cross-arms bolted to the trees, still survive. An Ironwood tree (as telephone pole) adjacent to the Doover is a particularly fine example, with fine bush carpentry still evident. Also in evidence is the negligible regrowth (callousing) over the cut since its creation.</p><br>
<p>To the south, on a small terrace below the Doover, is an area of introduced granitic gravel/sand (7.4 metres x 11.4 metres) similar to that used for enlargement of the Doover pad. No building foundations are evident in this deposit however a linear stone arrangement and a small pit and mound feature can be seen. Excavation in this area may shed light on the former function.</p><br>
<p>Further south, close to the southern edge of the third terrace, is another collapsed bunker with concrete roof and associated pit with circular concrete base and an embedded metal cylinder stood vertical. The metal cylinder has a handle and locking pin. The pit is semi-ringed with excavated earth/rock. This structure closely resembles the other at the summit. Two rock-piled "sentry posts" are found at slightly lower elevations near this second bunker/pit complex. They have roughly southern aspects.</p><br>
<p>A total of eight (8) rock-piled "sentry posts" were noted at various points around the summit and third terrace.</p><br>
<p>Two concrete slabs of equal dimensions (4.0 metres x 5.6 metres) lie further south and downslope on the lowest (fourth) terrace. One slab is located on the upslope margin of the terrace and close by, to the west, an Ironwood "telephone pole" tree with squared timber cross section and insulators. To the east of this cement pad a single strand of fence wire is strung from the ground and affixed high onto an adjacent Ironwood tree with wire netting attached to the lower part close to the ground (possibly a base for hessian camouflage netting). A number of possible walking pads zig-zag indeterminately upslope from this cement pad. The cement pad presents evidence of division into a roomed structure (with bolts protruding from the cement).</p><br>
<p>On the same terrace in a westerly direction is an identical concrete pad (4.0 metres x 5.6 metres) with protruding bolts and an adjacent Ironwood "telephone pole" tree with squared timber cross-arms affixed with bolts. Nearby lies a fallen, partially burnt bush telephone pole and associated ceramic insulators and fixings (some now dislodged and lying separate).</p><br>
<p>A faint, wide track leads from the eastern cement pad in the direction of the other.</p><br>
<p>At the southern base of the hill is a T-shaped concrete pad with associated deep pit and collapsed cement slab with oval/circular holes. Another cement pad is located some distance away in a southwest direction. These features are thought to be associated with the encampment. Ongoing excavation into the southern base of Mount Lookout for gravel extraction may have significantly destroyed the encampment area. On 11 March 2004, a long and narrow heap of piled earth was noted (11/3/2004) to contain cement and other metal debris.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>No.53 RDF Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 July 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>No.53 RDF Station at Mount Surprise is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, being surviving evidence associated with the early development and use of radar technology to provide an air warning system to assist in the defence of Australia during World War Two. As one of a small network of 25 coastal and inland radio defence finding stations established in northern Queensland in 1942-44 it is significant for the role it played in providing an early warning mechanism for Townsville and for the many Australian and American units at training camps dispersed throughout the Atherton Tableland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>No.53 RDF Station demonstrates a rare aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage. It was one of a small network of RDF stations established in northern Queensland during the World War Two. Much of the associated infrastructure with these sites was removed or demolished after the war and there has been attrition at these sites since 1945. Each site is important in displaying adaptation to the particular location characteristics and topography.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The associated archaeological remains at No.53 RDF Station have the potential to provide valuable information contributing to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history. Analysis of the surviving infrastructure could assist in understanding how radar stations were spatially arranged and constructed in response to the particular features of the chosen site; the physical problems encountered by the Allied Works Council (AWC) and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) personnel while working and living in an isolated part of inland Queensland; and the specific adaptations to the challenging local environment. Scattered artifacts and archaeological remains (rusted metal, concrete slabs, bunkers, pits and sentry posts etc.) could reveal information about the technology applied in the construction and operation of World War Two radar establishments, including temporary military buildings and structures and the associated communications infrastructure.</p><br>
<p>Quartz Hill Coach Change Station Site and Cemetery is a heritage-listed coach station in Mount Surprise, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1888 to 1908. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Quartz Hill Coach Change Station was a product of the development of pastoralism and the discovery of gold, tin, and copper in North Queensland. In 1888 Quartz Hill became an overnight stop on the "coast to coast" coach transport and mail routes from the east coast (via Herberton and later Almaden) to Georgetown on the Etheridge goldfield, and on through Croydon to Normanton and the Gulf of Carpentaria. Despite the later construction of railways to cover sections of the route (such as the Croydon to Normanton railway in 1891), Quartz Hill remained a coach station until 1908.</p><br>
<p>In the 1860s Ezra Firth, in partnership with James Atkinson, took up the Mount Surprise Station on the banks of Elizabeth Creek, while the Collins Brothers took up Brooklands Station to the west, on the banks of Junction Creek. The topographical feature of Quartz Hill is located on the east bank of Elizabeth Creek, about 10 km downstream (northwest) from Mount Surprise. Gem quality beryl (aquamarine) and garnet were found in the area. Early twentieth century maps of the various runs of Mount Surprise Station shows that whilst Quartz Hill lay within the boundary of the Albert Downs run of Firths Station, the location of the Quartz Hill Change Station, west of Elizabeth Creek, was in the Fixby Run of the Collins Station. The whole area is now part of a much larger Mount Surprise Station.</p><br>
<p>Copper was discovered in the area in the mid-1860s. Geologist Richard Daintree, in partnership with William Hann, established an open-cut copper mine on what was then thought to be the Lynd River but which later proved to be a separate watercourse and was named the Einasleigh River. Ore was excavated and carted in bullock drays to Townsville, but despite good returns, the costly freight made the mine unprofitable. The partners ceased work and the mine entrance was sealed. For some years after the death of Daintree in 1878 the location was lost. Renewed mining interest in the Einasleigh River district was stimulated by the 1890s boom in copper and railways, resulting in 12 copper leases being developed in the area by 1899.</p><br>
<p>To the west of Mount Surprise Station, Georgetown was established following the discovery of gold near the Etheridge River in 1870. Initially it was just one of several shanty towns which mushroomed on the huge Etheridge goldfield. By late 1871, the (unproclaimed) township had a population of 600, and emerged as the field&#39;s administrative centre. The population and fortunes of Georgetown fluctuated in the 1870s, following the discovery in 1873 of the rich Palmer River Goldfield, and the Hodgkinson rush of 1876. However, by mid 1878 miners were returning to the Etheridge. The overland telegraph from Cardwell to Normanton reached Junction Creek, south of Mount Surprise Station, in 1871, and Ezra Firth supplied meat to the small settlement that developed there. In the 1881 Queensland Census, the Etheridge District had a population of 1042 and the towns of Charleston (later Forsayth), Georgetown, and Gilberton.</p><br>
<p>An 1886 census map of the Etheridge District shows a road from Georgetown passing through Brooklands Station, and crossing Elizabeth Creek near Quartz Hill. One branch of the road then heads south through Mount Surprise to Junction Creek, while the other branch heads north, to the Lynd River, alongside the telegraph line from Junction Creek to Palmerville.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1880s, due to the development of the Croydon goldfield and a government desire for coast-to coast mail delivery, Cobb and Co extended its Normanton to Georgetown two-day coach run and cut a rough track from Georgetown to Herberton; a distance of around 160 miles. There was already a service from Port Douglas to Herberton, but the Georgetown to Herberton "gap" was not bridged until 1888. This route was the busiest in Queensland during the Etheridge and Croydon booms, according to William Lees, writing in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The change station at Elizabeth Creek near Quartz Hill appears to have been established in 1888 to service the new Cobb & Co. route between Georgetown and Herberton. Change stations were always built near water, and a groom would feed and water the tired horses and harness a fresh team while the driver and passengers ate. Stations were generally placed about 20–30 km apart. According to Cobb and Co records, the route from Herberton to Georgetown ran through Watsonville, Orient Camp, Montalbion, California Creek, Emmerson&#39;s Cobb and Co stables, Fossilbrook, and Quartz Hill, a distance of 167 miles.</p><br>
<p>A postal receiving office was opened at Quartz Hill on 13 December 1888, the first keeper being Mrs Hutson (likely the wife of Alfred Hutson, Quartz Hill Hotel). Alf Hutson was granted a Victualler&#39;s License in mid 1889 (Georgetown district), and he is listed at Quartz Hill in the February 1890 Queensland Government Gazette.</p><br>
<p>Sometime between 1890 and 1895 Arthur C Bicknell travelled from Herberton to Georgetown on a coach that was carrying mailbags. On the third night he recorded that "we arrived at a little place called Quartz Hill, where there was a fairly good hut kept by an Englishman and his wife". The coach continued with the mail to Georgetown the next day.</p><br>
<p>Between 1892 and 1903 Cobb and Co held the contract for Mail Service No. 210, running between Herberton and Georgetown. In 1898 a coach left Georgetown for Herberton every Wednesday, and left Herberton for Georgetown on Fridays. Quartz Hill was noted as a "parcel office", (i.e. a postal receiving office). By 1900 coaches left Herberton for Georgetown on Sundays and Thursdays, and left Georgetown for Herberton on Fridays and Tuesdays.</p><br>
<p>The license for the Quartz Hill Hotel was transferred to Patrick Brophy in 1900, and then to Robert Neary that same year. J Geraghty was keeper of the receiving office in 1901, the year in which at least one traveller complained about the poor food and basic bedding arrangements, and in February 1902 Margaret Geraghty was listed as the licensee at Quartz Hill.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the Chillagoe railway line meant that in 1904 Cobb and Co obtained the contract for Mail Service No. 210(a), from Almaden on the railway to Georgetown twice a week, via Sandy Tate, Rocky Tate, Petty&#39;s Change, Fossilbrook, Black Springs, Quartz Hill, and White Springs, a distance of 150 miles. John Dutton was the receiving office keeper in 1905, while in January 1906 Bridget Dutton held the license at Quartz Hill. A photograph in The North Queensland Register in 1905 shows two buildings, two local horse-buggy teams, and one bicycle, at Quartz Hill, "Where the Georgetown and Almaden Coaches meet weekly".</p><br>
<p>However, changes in transportation were threatening the existence of the Change Station at Quartz Hill. In 1900 John Moffat of the Chillagoe Railway and Mining Company acquired an interest in the Einasleigh Copper Mine, which was to prove the premier base metal producer on the Etheridge. By 1901 the copper matte was being transported by camel to Almaden via Quartz Hill. Gold from the Etheridge gold field was also transported in this manner through Quartz Hill. This mode of transportation proved unsatisfactory and by 1902 the construction of a railway line was suggested between Georgetown and Almaden to join with the Chillagoe Railway. The potential route passed through Quartz Creek, but instead the Etheridge railway line was constructed further south, through Mount Surprise and Einasleigh, terminating at Forsayth (previously Charleston). The railhead reached Mount Surprise from Almaden in 1908, and opened at Forsayth in January 1910.</p><br>
<p>In January 1907 Cobb and Co sold its interest in the Almaden to Georgetown run to JS Love, and John Dutton died the following month, aged 49. His headstone still stands in the small cemetery near the site of the Change Station. A map in the 1908 Annual Report of the Department of Mines still shows a hotel at Quartz Hill, and Bridget Dutton was the licensee for the year ending June 1908. However, by March 1909 Quartz Hill was no longer mentioned under Licensed Victuallers in the Georgetown district, and Bridget Dutton had taken on the license at the Australian Hotel in Einasleigh. The receiving office at Quartz Hill seems to have closed in July 1908, the same month that a post office opened in Mount Surprise, no doubt due to the railway having reached the latter location.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site is on the western bank of Elizabeth Creek, approximately 10 km downstream from Mount Surprise. On the opposite bank of the creek stands the natural feature called Quartz Hill. Apart from the trees alongside the creek bed, the site is sparsely vegetated, and the bare soil is scattered with basalt stones.</p><br>
<p>The significant remnants of the Quartz Hill Change Station include the cemetery, the rectangular stone foundations of the hotel, a large bottle dump, several stone formations of unknown purpose, two small cleared areas, and an old road to the crossing of Elizabeth Creek, which is marked by a blazed tree. There is also a scattering of metal artefacts, including horseshoes. All of these components can be found between the existing roads and Elizabeth Creek.</p><br>
<p>When the main road from Mount Surprise turns west towards the OBriens Creek Gemfields, a secondary track continues northwest, and passes close to the four graves in the cemetery. The southernmost grave is that of John Dutton. It faces east and has a marble headstone. A cast iron fence, set into stone corner plinths, surrounds the grave. The other three graves face southwest; the grave just north of John Duttons grave consists of a cast iron headstone with no inscription and a rectangular arrangement of stones. The next grave has a rectangular cairn of basalt stones, stacked on top of a plinth of quartz rocks. The northernmost grave has the least intact stone arrangement.</p><br>
<p>About 190 metres southeast of the cemetery are the foundations of what was probably the hotel. The foundation stones enclose an area about 5 metres wide by 13 metres long, and seem to have an internal partition towards the southern end and a 2-metre extension to the east. A line of stones also extends north from the northwestern corner. South of the foundations is a cleared rectangular earth pad.</p><br>
<p>To the northeast of the hotel foundations is a three-sided linear formation of stones, and to the north of this is a cleared area of about 30 by 20 metres. Southeast of the hotel is a group of flat stones around a small tree, and further southeast is an overgrown, horseshoe shaped arrangement of stones that could be a hearth or a shelter. East of the hotel, near the creek, is a large artefact scatter, mostly of green beer bottles with some tin, spread over an area of about 5 metres by 15 metres. North of this bottle dump is an extensive scatter of tin, glass, ceramics and metal. Some distance to the south is a small depression containing a bottle and metal scatter.</p><br>
<p>At some distance to the southeast of the hotel is a section of the coach road. The road originally headed south after crossing the creek, before swinging to the northwest to head past the hotel. The modern road now obscures the section towards the hotel, and a modern cattle track exists just to the west of the coach road&#39;s approach to the creek. On the western bank of the crossing stands a blazed melaleuca tree. Further southeast is a horseshoe shaped stone structure, 2 metres by 1.5 metres, which stands at one end of an L-shaped stone arrangement. This structure and the graves are the most obvious features of the change station site, and can easily be seen from the road.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Quartz Hill Coach Change Station Site and Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The development of a Coach Change Station at Quartz Hill demonstrates how the development of North Queensland&#39;s mining and pastoral industries required the establishment of transport routes to service those industries. The exploitation of the Etheridge Goldfield led to the 1888 development of a Cobb and Co coach route from Herberton, and later Almaden, to Georgetown, with an overnight stop at Quartz Hill. The building foundation remnants at Quartz Hill, along with a bottle dump, evidence of the coach road, and a small cemetery, mark the location of an important early transport route in Northern Queensland, and demonstrate the functional arrangement of a class of places that, due to changes in technology, is no longer in use.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the Coach Change Station have the potential to provide new information about construction methods in rural North Queensland during the late nineteenth century. Analysis of the Change Station&#39;s surviving infrastructure, including the building foundation remnants, bottle dump, evidence of the coach road, and a small cemetery, and the spatial arrangement of its components (including the proximity of this remnant evidence to water), would also aid understanding in how late 19th century and early 20th century coach change stations functioned, and how people lived and worked in these places.</p><br>
<p>The Topsham Historic District encompasses the historic village center of Topsham, Maine. Extending along parts of Elm, Green, and Pleasant Streets, the area has a fine collection of 19th and early 20th-century architecture, with the majority built before 1850. It is almost entirely residential, with only a few non-residential uses, including a church. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Topsham is located on the north bank of the Androscoggin River, opposite the town of Brunswick in the western part of Maines Mid Coast region. Area for a town center was set aside in the 1639, but the town was abandoned during Native American conflicts of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. It was resettled beginning in 1714 under the auspices of the Pejepscot Proprietors, a Boston-based consortium of businessmen, but permanent occupation did not take place until the 1730s. It continued to be subjected to Native attacks in King Georges War and the French and Indian War, hampering growth until the 1760s. Sawmills and gristmills were built on the river, beginning significant growth in both Topsham and Brunswick. A bridge was built across the river in 1796.</p><br>
<p>The historic section of Topsham Village is roughly centered on the junction of Elm, Pleasant, and Green Streets. It extends south on Green Street and north on Pleasant Street, as far as Perkins Street. Its western extent is Main Street (United States Route 201), where a few houses on the east side are included, and extends east on the north side of Elm Street as far as the railroad right-of-way just west of Maine State Route 196. The district has 58 historic buildings, most of which are residences built before 1850. Fully half the buildings are Federal in style, with Greek Revival architecture also well represented. The only buildings not originally built as a residence are the 1835 Federal-style Baptist church, and the town offices, which are housed in a c. 1840 academy, restyled about 1900 in the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Laguna del Maule is a volcanic field in the Andes mountain range of Chile, close to, and partly overlapping, the Chile-Argentina frontier. The bulk of the volcanic field is in the Talca province of Chile&#39;s Maule Region. It is a segment of the Southern Volcanic Zone, part of the Andean Volcanic Belt. Many of the volcanic centres in the Laguna del Maule volcanic field formed during postglacial times, after glaciers had retreated from the area. This activity has generated cones, lava domes, lava coulees and lava flows which surround Laguna del Maule lake. The field gets its name from the lake which is also the source of the Maule river. Some of the volcanic centres were active during and before the last glaciation; at least three caldera formation events are associated with the system.</p><br>
<p>About 130 volcanic vents belong to the field and the earliest eruptions occurred 1.5 million years ago. Postglacial volcanic activity has included eruptions with simultaneous explosive and effusive components, and volcanic rocks in the field vary from basalt over andesite and dacite to rhyolite. The field was a source of obsidian with regional importance.</p><br>
<p>Between 2004 and 2007, ground inflation began in the volcanic field, indicating the intrusion of a sill beneath it. The rate of inflation is faster than those measured on other inflating volcanoes such as Uturunku in Bolivia and Yellowstone in the United States and has been accompanied by anomalies in soil gas emission and seismic activity. This pattern has created concern about the potential for impending large-scale eruptive activity.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and structure</h2><br>
<p>The Laguna del Maule volcanic field is centred around 36.1&deg;S latitude, 70.5&deg;W longitude, straddling the Chilean-Argentine frontier with most of the complex on the Chilean side. The locality belongs to the Maule Region, of Talca province in the Andes mountain range, close to the confluence of the Maule and Campanario rivers in the Maule&#39;s valley. The city of Talca lies about 150 km west. The Argentine section of the field is in the Mendoza and Neuquén provinces. Highway 115 passes through the northern part of the volcanic field, and the Paso Pehuenche mountain pass is a few kilometres northeast of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South America plate has formed a volcanic arc about 4,000 km long. It is subdivided into several segments distinguished by varying angles of subduction of the Nazca plate. The part of the volcanic belt named the Southern Volcanic Zone alone contains at least 60 volcanoes with historical activity and three major caldera systems. Major volcanoes of the Southern Volcanic Zone include from north to south: Maipo, Cerro Azul, Calabozos, Tatara-San Pedro, Laguna del Maule, Antuco, Villarrica, Puyehue-Cordon Caulle, Osorno, and Chaiten. Laguna del Maule is located within a segment known as the Transitional Southern Volcanic Zone, 330 km west of the Peru-Chile trench. Volcanoes in this segment are typically located on basement blocks that have been uplifted between extensional basins.</p><br>
<p>The Laguna del Maule lake lies on the crest of the Andes, within a depression with a diameter of 20 km. The lake has a depth of 50 m, a surface area of 54 km&sup2, and the surface is at an altitude of 2,160 m. The name of the volcanic field comes from the lake, and the Maule river originates in the lake. Terraces around the lake indicate that water levels have fluctuated in the past. An eruption dated 23,300 ± 400 years ago dammed the lake 200 m higher than its present level. When the dam broke, a lake outburst flood occurred leaving traces in the down-valley gorge.</p><br>
<p>The lake is surrounded by a number of Quaternary volcanic systems of various ages, including about fourteen shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes that have been degraded by glaciation. The Laguna del Maule volcanic field covers a surface area of 500 km&sup2; and contains cones, lava domes, lava flows, and shield volcanoes. There are 130 volcanic vents at Laguna del Maule. The lake is surrounded by 36 silicic coulees and lava domes. Over 100 km&sup2; of the field is covered by these rocks, and ash and pumice produced by the eruptions has been found in Argentina. Presently some summits around Laguna del Maule reach altitudes of 3,900 m. The volcanic field lies at an average height of 2,400 m.</p><br>
<p>Among the various structures in the volcanic field, Domo del Maule lava dome is of rhyolitic composition and generated a northward flowing lava flow that dammed the Laguna del Maule. This lava flow is joined by other lava flows from the Crater Negro, a small cone in the southwestern sector of the volcanic field; the lavas of this cone however are andesitic and basaltic. Loma de Los Espejos is a large 4 km long lava flow of acidic rocks in the northern sector of the volcanic field, close to the outlet of Laguna del Maule. This flow contains obsidian and vitrophyre and crystals within the flow reflect the sunlight. The well-preserved Colada de las Nieblas lava flow is in the extreme southwestern sector of the volcanic field. This lava flow is 6 km long and 300 m thick.</p><br>
<p>This area of the Andes was subject to glaciation in the past, which has left traces especially in adjacent valleys. These valleys are U-shaped or have the form of a trench, shapes associated with glacial action. The older volcanics of Laguna del Maule have been disproportionately eroded by glacial action. Slopes around Laguna del Maule are covered by colluvium including talus slopes.</p><br>
<p>The Laguna del Maule lake is not the only lake in the field. The other lakes are Laguna Cari Launa on the Chilean side in the northeastern sector of the field, and Laguna Fea in the south and Laguna Negra lake both on the Argentine side. The Laguna Sin Salida (so named because it lacks a river running out of it) is in the northeastern sector of the volcanic field and it formed within a glacial cirque.</p><br>
<p>Laguna del Maule is geothermally active, featuring bubbling pools, fumaroles and hot springs. Temperatures in these systems range between 93 -. The field has been evaluated as a potential source of geothermal energy. It and the neighbouring Tatara-San Pedro volcano form the so-called Mariposa geothermal system discovered in 2009, whose temperature has been estimated on the basis of gas chemistry to be 200 -. One estimate puts the potential productivity of Laguna del Maule as an energy source at 50 -.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Subduction of the eastern part of Nazca plate beneath the western margin of the South America Plate occurs at a rate of about 74 ±, a process which is responsible for events such as the 1960 Valdivia earthquake and the 2010 Chile earthquake. This subduction process is responsible for the growth of the Chilean Andes and the volcanic and geothermal manifestations therein.</p><br>
<p>Probably due to increased convergence rates of the Nazca and South America plates for the past 28 million years, a phase of strong volcanic activity commenced in the Andes 25 million years ago. It is likely that this phase persisted without interruption until today.</p><br>
<p>In the area of Laguna del Maule, the subducting Nazca plate reaches a depth of 130 km and is 37 million years old there. During the Late Miocene, the convergence rate was higher than today and the Malargüe fold belt formed east of the main chain in response. The Moho is found at depths of 40 - beneath the volcanic field.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>The 15.3 to 7 mya old Campanario Formation forms much of the basement in the Laguna del Maule area. This geological formation contains andesitic-dacitic ignimbrites and tuffs with later dacitic dykes that were emplaced 3.6–2.0 mya. This formation is affected by various faults that extend in north-south direction. An older unit, of Jurassic-Cretaceous age, crops out northwest of the volcanic field. Other formations include an Oligocene-Miocene lacustrine formation named Cura-Mallín, and another intermediary formation named Trapa-Trapa. Trapa-Trapa is of volcanic origin and between 19 and 10 million years old. Remnants of Quaternary ignimbrites and Pliocene, early Quaternary volcanic centres, are also found around the field.</p><br>
<p>Northeast of Laguna del Maule is the 3,943 m high Cerro Campanario, a mafic stratovolcano which was active 150,000–160,000 years ago. Nevado de Longavi volcano is located west of Laguna del Maule. The local volcanoes are in a segment of the crust where the Wadati-Benioff zone is 90 km deep. Also west of Laguna del Maule lies the Tatara-San Pedro and Rio Colorado caldera; they may be part of a volcano alignment with Laguna del Maule. More distant are the Calabozos caldera and a late Pleistocene system with domes and flows south of Cerro San Francisquito, which are both silicic volcanic systems. The activity of Tatara-San Pedro and Laguna del Maule with the presence of rhyolite may be influenced by the subduction of the Mocha Fracture Zone, which projects in the direction of these volcanic centres.</p><br>
<h3>Composition of erupted lavas and pyroclasts</h3><br>
<p>Laguna del Maule has erupted basaltic andesite and andesite, with medium content. Dacite and rhyolite are also found. Several silicic rocks are known from the Quaternary. After deglaciation, the composition of Laguna del Maule volcanic rocks has grown more silicic, with andesite eruptions being limited to the edges of the volcanic field since 19,000 years ago. Generally, the postglacial phase of activity has generated about 6.4 km3 of rhyolite and 1.0 km3 of rhyodacite. A minimum long term magma supply rate of 0.0005 km3/yr has been estimated. The Holocene rhyolites are glassy and contain few crystals.</p><br>
<p>Several stratigraphic units have been distinguished at the volcanic field, including the Valley unit exposed in the Maule valley and the Lake unit found around the lake. The Valley unit&#39;s rocks are basaltic andesite. Plagioclase and, in lesser measure, clinopyroxene and olivine form its phenocrysts. The mostly postglacial Lake unit includes glassy rhyolite, which is poor in crystals. Phenocrysts in the postglacial rocks are biotite, plagioclase and quartz. Microlites in the Lake unit rocks include biotite, plagioclase and spinel. Variable vesicular texture has been noted on rocks erupted during different eruptions. Temperatures of the postglacial magmas have been estimated at 820 -.</p><br>
<p>The postglacial rocks have very similar element compositions. In the Loma de Los Espejos rocks a content of 75.6–76.7% per weight has been noted. High and low are present in the basaltic andesite and basalt, a typical pattern for basic rocks in zones where plates converge. The rocks overall belong to the calc-alkaline series, although some -rich rocks have been attributed to the tholeiitic series. isotope ratios have been compared to the ones of Tronador volcano; additional compositional similarity is found to other volcanoes close to Laguna del Maule such as Cerro Azul and Calabozos. Laguna del Maule stands out for the frequency of rhyolitic rocks, compared to volcanoes farther south in the chain. There are compositional trends in the region of the volcanic arc between 33°-42°, with more northerly volcanoes being more andesitic in composition while to the south basalts are more frequent.</p><br>
<p>All the postglacial activity appears to originate from a shallow silicic magma chamber beneath the caldera, which acts as a trap for mafic magma, preventing it from rising to the surface. The early post-glacial rhyodacites contain mafic inclusions. From isotope ratios it has been inferred that the magma is of deep origin, and the rare-earth element composition shows no evidence of crustal contamination. and isotope ratios indicate all rocks are derived from the same parent source, with the rhyolites forming by fractional crystallization of the basic magma, similar to the postulated origins of rocks from the Central Volcanic Zone. Partial melting may also be the source of the rhyolites. Overall the environment where the rocks formed appears to be an oxidized 760 - system that formed over 100,000 – 200,000 years, and was influenced by the injection of basaltic magma. The rhyolitic melts may originate in a crystal rich mush beneath the volcanic field.</p><br>
<p>It has been suggested that Laguna del Maule is an important source of obsidian for the region, on both sides of the Andes. Finds have been made from the Pacific to Mendoza 400 km away from the coast, as well as at archaeological sites of Neuquén province. Obsidian forms sharp edges and was used by ancient societies for the production of projectiles as well as cutting instruments. In South America, obsidian was traded over large distances. Obsidian has been found in the Arroyo El Pehuenche (35&deg;58&prime;52&Prime;S latitude, 70&deg;23&prime;35&Prime;W longitude), Laguna Negra (36&deg;12&prime;25&Prime;S latitude, 70&deg;24&prime;28&Prime;W longitude) and Laguna del Maule (35&deg;59&prime;57&Prime;S latitude, 70&deg;25&prime;35&Prime;W longitude) localities. These sites yield obsidians with varying properties, from large blocks at Laguna del Maule to smaller pebbles probably carried by water at Arroyo El Pehuenche.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>Laguna del Maule lies at the interface between a semi-arid, temperate climate and a colder montane climate. Average yearly temperatures from 2007 to 2013 ranged 8.1 -. Cold front related precipitation falls during autumn and winter, although occasional summer storms also contribute to rainfall. Laguna del Maule is subject to the rain shadow effect of mountains farther west, leading to a lack of glaciation at the numerous summits exceeding 3,000 m in altitude around the lake. Most of the lake water comes from snowmelt; for much of the year the landscape around the lake is covered with snow.</p><br>
<p>The area of Laguna del Maule was glaciated during the last ice age, with a maximum occurring between 25,600±1,200 and 23,300±600 years ago. Probably due to changes in the position of the Westerlies, after 23,000 years ago the glaciers retreated above Laguna del Maule. The glaciation has left moraines and terraces in the area, with undulating hills lying close to the outlet of the Laguna del Maule. Poorly developed moraines with the appearance of tiny hills lie downstream of Laguna del Maule, and such moraines form small hills around the lake rising about 10-20 m above the lake level.</p><br>
<p>The landscape around Laguna del Maule is mostly desertic without trees. Vegetation around Laguna del Maule is principally formed by cushion plants and sub-shrubs, with higher altitudes displaying more scattered vegetation. The rocks around Laguna del Maule host a plant named Leucheria graui which has not been found elsewhere.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Laguna del Maule has been active since 1.5 mya ago, with a total rock output of over 350 km3. At least three caldera forming events occurred during the system&#39;s lifespan, at 1.5 mya (dacitic Laguna Sin Puerto ignimbrite, the ignimbrite is exposed northwest of Laguna del Maule lake), 950,000 (rhyodacitic Bobadilla caldera, the ignimbrite from this caldera-forming event borders Laguna del Maule lake in the north) and 336,000 years ago generating welded ignimbrites. This last ignimbrite is known as Cordon Constanza ignimbrite. The Bobadilla caldera is centred beneath the northern shore of the Laguna del Maule, and has dimensions of 12 x. In total, volcanic output at Laguna del Maule has been estimated to be 200,000 m3/yr, comparable to other volcanic arc systems, with eruptions occurring about every 1000 years.</p><br>
<p>The rhyodacitic lava domes and flows which surround the lake were erupted from 25,000 years ago forwards, after the onset of deglaciation, until the last such eruption approximately 2,000 years ago. Preceding activity includes the rhyolitic Cajon Atravesado 712,000 years ago north of the lake, the rhyodacitic Cerro Negro 468,000–447,000 years ago in the northeastern parts of the field, the rhyodacitic Arroyo Cabeceras de Troncoso 203,000 years ago northwest of the lake, and the unit known as "Valley unit" with basic rocks of a volume of 5 km3. This unit was erupted 240,000±50,000 to 200,000±70,000 years ago and in the Maule valley outcrops it appears as lava flows thinning to the top. A unit of basalt pyroclastic cones and lava flows in the northwest of the field has been dated 100,000±20,000 to 170,000±20,000 years ago from two samples. Other volcanic activity took place 154,000 years ago, forming the basaltic Bobadilla Chica vent and lava north of the lake, and 152,000 years ago forming the andesitic Volcan de la Calle vent and lava straddling the Chile-Argentina border in the eastern sector. Later eruptive activity formed the rhyodacite Domo del Maule (36&deg;1&prime;45&Prime;S latitude, 70&deg;34&prime;35&Prime;W longitude) 114,000 years ago northwest of Laguna del Maule, a neighbouring rhyodacite west of Laguna del Maule dam, basaltic El Candado (36&deg;0&prime;45&Prime;S latitude, 70&deg;33&prime;40&Prime;W longitude) 63,000–62,000 years ago near the outlet of Laguna del Maule, a rhyolite east of the outlet 38,000 ± 29,000 years ago, and andesites also west of the dam 27,000–26,000 years ago named Arroyo Los Mellicos.</p><br>
<p>Silicic volcanic units erupted after 25,000 include young andesites on the western coast of Laguna del Maule 24,000 years ago, rhyodacitic Arroyo de la Calle 21,000 years ago southeast of Laguna del Maule and rhyolitic Loma de Los Espejos (36&deg;0&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 70&deg;32&prime;0&Prime;W longitude) 19,000 years ago in the northern part of the field. These units have a volume of 1.7 km3. After that point activity shifted and the volume output increased, with the subsequent units having a volume of 4.8 km3. These two phases of volcanic activity occurred within 9,000 years of each other and the magmas involved may have been sourced from different magma reservoirs. This phase includes the rhyolitic Cerro Barrancas (36&deg;10&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 70&deg;27&prime;0&Prime;W longitude) 7,000 years ago in the southeastern part of the field, and an associated 15 km long pyroclastic flow, rhyolitic Cari Launa (36&deg;3&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 70&deg;25&prime;0&Prime;W longitude) 3,500 years ago in the northeastern part of the field, as well as rhyolitic Colada Divisoria and Colada Las Nieblas (36&deg;7&prime;0&Prime;S latitude, 70&deg;32&prime;0&Prime;W longitude) 2,000 years ago in the eastern and southwestern parts of the field, respectively. Other proposed dates are 23,000 years ago for the Espejos rhyolite, 14,500 years ago for the Cari Launa rhyolite, 6,400 and 3,900 years ago for the Barrancas complex and 2,200 years ago for the Colada Divisoria. Undated postglacial units are andesitic Crater Negro (36&deg;4&prime;10&Prime;S latitude, 70&deg;32&prime;0&Prime;W longitude) scoria cone and lava flow just west of Laguna del Maule, andesitic Playa Oriental on the southeastern shore of Laguna del Maule, rhyolitic Arroyo de Sepulveda at Laguna del Maule and rhyodacitic Colada Dendriforme in the western part of the field. This rhyolitic flare up has no precedents in the history of the volcanic field. Three mafic volcanic vents named Arroyo Cabeceras de Troncoso, Crater 2657 and Hoyo Colorado are also considered postglacial. The former two are andesitic, while the latter is a pyroclastic cone.</p><br>
<p>Explosive activity including ash and pumice has accompanied a number of the postglacial eruptions, the largest is associated with Los Espejos and has been dated 23,000 years ago. The deposit of this Plinian eruption reaches 4 m of thickness at a distance of 40 km. White ash and pumice form layered deposits east of the Loma de Los Espejos. Other such explosive events have been dated at 7,000, 4,000 and 3,200 years ago by radiocarbon dating. It has been estimated that the ash and pumice deposits have a volume comparable with that of the lava flows.</p><br>
<p>A tephra layer in the Argentine Caverna de las Brujas dated 7,780 ± 600 years ago has been tentatively linked to Laguna del Maule, and another with a thickness of 80 cm 65 km away from Laguna del Maule is dated 765 ± 200 years ago and appears to coincide with a time with no archaeological findings in the high cordillera. Other tephras which possibly were erupted at Laguna del Maule have been found in Argentinian archaeological sites, one 7,195 ± 200 years ago at El Manzano and another 2,580 ± 250 to 3,060 ± 300 years old at Cañada de Cachi. The El Manzano tephra reaches a thickness of 3 m about 60 km away from Laguna del Maule and would have had a severe impact on Holocene human communities south of Mendoza.</p><br>
<h2>Present day threat</h2><br>
<p>Laguna del Maule is a volcanic system that undergoes strong deformation; starting between 2004 and 2007 the ground in the volcanic field has been uplifting. This deformation attracted the attention of the global scientific community after it was detected by radar interferometry. Between January 2006 and January 2007 uplift of 18 cm/yr was measured, with uplift during 2012 amounting to about 28 cm/yr. Between 2007 and 2011 the uplift almost reached 1 m. A change in the deformation pattern occurred in 2013 at the time of an earthquake swarm in January 2013. As estimated in 2016 the uplift rate was 25 cm/yr. The uplift is one of the strongest in all volcanoes which are not in eruption; the strongest uplift worldwide was recorded during 1982–84 at Campi Flegrei in Italy with an end change of 1.8 m. Other actively deforming dormant volcanoes in the world are Lazufre also in Chile, Santorini in Greece during 2011–12, and Yellowstone in the United States, the last one at a rate of 1/7th that of Laguna del Maule. Another South American volcano, Uturunku in Bolivia has been inflating at a pace 1/10th that of Laguna del Maule&#39;s. There is evidence that earlier deformations occurred at Laguna del Maule, with the lake shores having risen by about 67 m during the Holocene.</p><br>
<p>The current uplift has its centre beneath the western segment of the ring of post-glacial lava domes, more specifically beneath the southwestern sector of the lake. The source of the deformation has been traced to an inflation of a sill, with dimensions of 9.0 x 5.2 km deep beneath the volcanic field. This sill has been inflating at an average pace of 31,000,000 ± between 2007 and 2010. The rate of volume change has changed between 2011 and 2012, with an increase in the volume change rate., 2,000,000 m3/yr of magma are estimated to enter the magma chamber. This volume change is approximately 10 to 100 times as large as the field&#39;s long term magma supply rate. Gravity measurements detected a low density anomaly interpreted to be a shallow magma reservoir beneath the lake, The presence of a sill is also supported by magnetotelluric measurements indicating conductivity anomalies at depths of 4 - beneath the western side of the volcanic field, indicating the presence of rhyolitic melt.</p><br>
<p>Strong seismic activity has accompanied the deformation at Laguna del Maule, with seismic swarms recorded above the depth of the deforming sill south of the ring of lava domes, with a particular focus around Colada Las Nieblas. A further magnitude 5.5 earthquake occurred south of the volcanic field on June 2012. A major volcano-tectonic earthquake swarm occurred in January 2013, possibly due to faults and underground liquids being pressurized by the intrusion of magma. the earthquake rate was 4 earthquakes per month. The 2010 Maule earthquake, 230 km west of Laguna del Maule, did not affect the volcanic field, with the rate of uplift remaining unchanged, while other measurements indicate a change in the uplift rates at that point.</p><br>
<p>Several reasons have been proposed for the inflation, including the movement of magma underground, the injection of new magma, or the action of volcanic gases and volatiles which are released by the magma. Another proposal is that the inflation may be situated in a hydrothermal system. anomalies have also been found around Laguna del Maule, possibly triggered by the stress of the inflation activating old faults. These anomalies are concentrated on the northern lakeshore. Such may indicate that the inflation is of mafic composition, as rhyolite only poorly dissolves. Gravity change measurements also show an interaction between magma source, faults and the hydrothermal system.</p><br>
<p>This uplift has been a cause of concern in light of the history of explosive activity of the volcanic field, with 50 eruptions in the last 20,000 years. A major eruption would have a serious impact on Argentina and Chile, including the formation of lava domes, lava flows, pyroclastic flows near the lake, and ash fall at larger distances. In March 2013, the Southern Andean Volcano Observatory declared a "yellow alert" for the volcano in light of the deformation and earthquake activity.</p><br>
<p>Content Mine is a heritage-listed former mine at Gulf Developmental Road, Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1887 to 1918. It is also known as Content Block Mine. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located on the Croydon Goldfield, the Content PC was opened in 1887 by Croydon businessman and mining investor Frederick William Cuthbert as part of the True Blue and Isabella complex of mines at Croydon and it operated until the end of World War I. Production and profitability of the Croydon Goldfield declined from 1900, the field being largely abandoned by 1915.</p><br>
<p>Croydon is situated in the heart of the Gulf Savannah, 562 km west of Cairns, approximately 176 km west of Georgetown and 144 km south east of the port of Normanton on the Gulf of Carpentaria. Europeans first explored this area in the 1860s. John McKinlay searched for lost explorers Burke and Wills in 1862 and John Graham MacDonald explored a route from Carpentaria Downs to the Gulf in 1864. Pastoralists followed these early explorers, bringing sheep in 1865, but by 1867 many had retreated because of fever, drought, low wool prices and distance from the markets. An overland telegraph line was constructed from Cardwell to Normanton between 1869 and 1872. This passed through the Croydon district and later became a lifeline for the northern mining fields.</p><br>
<p>Gold was first discovered on Croydon Downs Station, which had been taken up by W. Brown in 1881. In the latter part of 1883, two of his employees found quartz carrying gold. However it was not until 1885 that Richard and Walter Alldridge, acting under instructions from WC Brown, prospected the area and discovered 20 payable reefs. The finds were reported in October 1885, and the Croydon area was proclaimed a goldfield on 18 January 1886, thus coming under the administration of the Queensland Department of Public Works and Mines.</p><br>
<p>Hundreds flocked to the area. By 1887 the population of the district had peaked at 7000, and by 1897 it still had the third highest population in north Queensland after Charters Towers and Townsville. From 1890 to 1910, gold output from the Croydon reefs were second only to Charters Towers. Total production from inception until 1947 was 772,374 ounces. By 1909 however, production began to decline and by 1914, the population at the turn of the century had halved.</p><br>
<p>Residents on the Croydon Goldfield faced many hardships including inadequate supplies of water; pasture grasses and timber for fuel and constructions purposes. Isolation was also a major problem until the Croydon to Normanton railway was completed in 1891. The area was subject to droughts and floods, and even a cyclone in 1906. During the "crash" of 1893, when most banks closed doors and gold buying ceased, many miners were thrown out of work. Despite all these difficulties, the 1890s were productive years for Croydon. Pughs Almanac of 1900 listed 3 banks, 6 blacksmiths, 5 bakers, 6 commission agents, 4 newsagents, 6 carriers, 2 chemists, 6 drapers11 share brokers, 18 hotels and 4 watchmakers, among many other assorted businesses. Other townships were established at Golden Gate, Tabletop, Gorge Creek, Golden Valley, Goldstone, Carron, Twelve Miles, Mulligans, Flannigan&#39;s, Morning Light, Moonstone and Alluvial Springs.</p><br>
<p>The Content Mine was established in 1887 by FW Cuthbert, a Croydon grocer, mining investor and mining director. The mine remained under Cuthberts proprietorship throughout its life; public companies never invested in it. Cuthbert was the last of Croydons influential mining men. He was known for his openness to new ideas such using the diamond drill to test his geological theories. His use of rock drilling machinery to make large, low-grade ore bodies pay through economies of scale was unusual in north Queensland. His personal qualities and business enterprises were important for the success of mining activities on the Croydon Goldfield.</p><br>
<p>In its first year of operation the Content mine produced 30 tons of quartz yielding 27 ounces of gold. The first equipment installed at the mine was a 12-horsepower steam engine imported in 1891 at a value of £500.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, during a widespread economic depression, the Isabella and the Content were employing 150 men, but in that year the Content only produced 206 ounces of gold. Along with the True Blue and Isabella the Content had pumping machinery and these were known as the premier mines on the field in 1893.</p><br>
<p>For the rest of the decade the Content produced an ounce of gold per ton of stone crushed. The most profitable years were 1894 with 897, 1895 with 344 ounces, and 1896 with 256 ounces. Production was sparse until 1900 and 1901 when 288 and 511 ounces were produced. By constantly pumping, Cuthbert produced profits and expanded operations. One history of the Croydon Goldfield acknowledged the success of Cuthberts Content Mine:This big low-grade reef was patiently developed over a decade, paying the occasional profit or breaking even. Cuthbert stayed with it, working it on an increasing scale; he even introduced rock drills in 1912. After 1905 it became the fields biggest producer of ore, if not of gold. It supported around 25-30 miners in a period of chronic depression on the field. However it had to crush at customs mills a couple of miles away and its output of 2-3000 tons a year was hardly impressive. Low grade ore needed to be worked on a larger scale to be consistently profitable over a long period, and cheap milling was essential. Often the Content made a profit simply because it hit a patch of richer stone. However it did show how working more of the low-grade reefs might have prolonged the field&#39;s life.In September 1900, Cuthbert applied for a new lease of the Content (which included the Content Block mine) and commenced sinking a shaft striking the reef at 85m. He then spent over £10,000 on equipment and development work before he received any returns. If the Content had been owned by a company it would have been abandoned, but Cuthbert believed in its potential and was ultimately rewarded.</p><br>
<p>Substantial poppet legs and a winding engine were erected in 1903 on the frontage line and the two shafts were being worked together. They produced 1,252 ounces of gold from 1,306 tons of stone. The mine produced well in 1904 and 1905 yielding 5,571 ounces at under £2 per ounce from 2,206 tons of stone and 3,253 ounces respectively. However, like every Croydon mine, 1906 was a disappointing year for the Content. Heavy development work was underway. £4,418 was made in profit from 2,246 ounces in 1907. By 1908 it was the most productive mine on the Croydon field producing 2,770 tons of stone yielding 7,203 ounces of gold valued at £10,625. It held its own through 1909 with a profit of £6,091 from 3,465 ounces of gold.</p><br>
<p>Extensive development work was done in 1910 to follow the reef and it was the highest producer on the field with 3,031 ounces from 2,707 tons of stone. By 1912 the Content was producing one third of the total gold production on the Croydon Goldfield. It also employed the largest number of miners of any mine on the field - 32. An air compressor was purchased from Charters Towers in 1912 together with a 40HP Babcock boiler from the Federation mine for a total of £3,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1912 the Queensland Mines Department stated that Cuthbert&#39;s foresight in developing the Content mine showed that capital, judiciously expended, would give good returns on the Croydon Goldfield because undoubtedly there were other lines of reef which would probably give the same results if worked on the same scale and method.</p><br>
<p>The Content was earning Cuthbert, as owner, a considerable income up to 1912. From then on water was a problem and the faces of the stopes were unpromising. Cuthbert sought to re-open Waram&#39;s shaft in 1914, which had been discontinued 20 years before. Production was all inferior stone and eventually Cuthbert gave up the struggle, closing the mine on 24 January 1918 after a continuous run of over 16 years. The final crushing was of 231 tons of stone, which yielded 1,058 ounces of gold valued at £1,843. The Content was the last of the large productive mines on the Croydon field.</p><br>
<p>Officially, the Content reef yielded 65,130 ounces of gold from 35,521 tons of ore between 1886 and 1918 and most of this derived from Cuthbert&#39;s Content Block mine. However, the bullion gold yield is quite deceiving: from the 60,235 ounces of bullion gold, only 23,822 ounces of fine gold was derived and the balance was almost all silver.</p><br>
<p>The plant was removed c.1918 and transferred to the Iguana Consols to prospect for the lost Iguana reef. The layout of the plant there mirrors the arrangement at the Content.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Content Mine is located 4 km northwest of Croydon on the southern side of the Gulf Developmental Road. The area around the mine has been heavily disturbed in recent times by road construction and modern mining activities. While most of the vegetation has been cleared, to the north and east of the site there is a sparse coverage of trees, predominantly Eucalyptus spp regrowth.</p><br>
<p>The main concentration of machinery and concrete foundations are located to the northwest of the site, about 40–60 metres southwest of the current Gulf Developmental Road. However, there are a number of shafts, most of which have filled with water, and one which is timbered with sawn hardwood, situated on the southern side of the former Gulf Developmental Road. The use of sawn timber to line the shaft is rare on the former Croydon goldfield; most timbered shafts in the area used locally cut sapling logs. Surviving sawn timber shaft linings are rare in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The southeast corner of the site has been truncated as a result of the construction of a large open cut pit during 1980s mining activities, which has since filled with water.</p><br>
<p>The site has been much disturbed in recent times and stone boiler mounts, concrete compressor footings and a portable steam engine are the only evidence of Cuthbert&#39;s capital investment in the mine. The presence of the iron pump balance may be indicative of water problems in the mine, although there is no evidence of a pump bed at the collar of the surviving shaft.</p><br>
<p>Most of the plant has been removed from the place and the area, which is located immediately alongside the Gulf Developmental Road, has been subjected to considerable disturbance. All evidence of mullock heaps has been removed from the site. The two compartment timbered main shaft has partly caved at the surface. A group of concrete and bed log machinery mounts are aligned with the shaft including foundations for a winding engine and an air compressor. A twin cylinder portable steam engine and the remains of a stone mount for a Cornish boiler are similarly aligned. A section of a lightweight iron pump balance is located on the place. An above ground concrete tank contains evidence of cooling tower footings.</p><br>
<p>The surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Two cylinder portable steam engine - no brand</p><br>
<p>Iron pump balance</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Content Mine was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Content Mine at Croydon, developed under the proprietorship of mining entrepreneur FW Cuthbert, is significant in Queensland history as the longest operating mine (1887-1918) on the important Croydon Goldfield. In addition, Cuthbert&#39;s willingness to trial, and then use, the latest mining technologies (such as new drilling machinery), allowed mining activities of large, low-grade ore bodies to be shown to be profitable.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>This demonstrates an unusual pattern for Queensland gold mines, making poorer ore payable by mining and treating it along with richer ore, instead of just extracting the richer ore. Even on Charters Towers Goldfield, only a handful of mines achieved this level of development. The timbered shaft at the southern end of the Content Reef (south of the former Gulf Developmental Road alignment) is very rare, being early (late 19th century) and lined with sawn timber boards. It is important in demonstrating its type and early gold mining techniques that are no longer practised.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Surviving fabric associated with early mining activity at this site includes the foundations of the winding engine, compressor and compressor cooling tower, which indicate the scale of operations at the Content Mine.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Content Mine has a special association with the life and work of FW Cuthbert, a Queensland (and later New Guinea) mining entrepreneur who played a significant role in the success and history of the Croydon Goldfield.</p><br>
<p>Tabletop Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery is 15 km NE of Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1910s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 April 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tabletop Cemetery is one of 6 cemeteries that served the Croydon district after it was declared a goldfield in 1886. The cemetery is situated near the former township of Tabletop, approximately 19 kilometres northeast of Croydon. The cemetery covers an area of approximately 1260 square metres, but was never gazetted as a cemetery reserve. Twenty-three potential burials have been identified in the cemetery, and at least one of the graves may be Chinese.</p><br>
<p>The Croydon field was one of the last of the north Queensland gold rushes of the nineteenth century. After a peak in gold production in 1900, mining declined over the next two decades. There was a small revival during the 1930s depression and again from 1988 to 1991. The present population of the district is approximately 300.</p><br>
<p>Croydon is situated in the heart of the Gulf Savannah, 562 km west of Cairns, approximately 176 km west of Georgetown and 144 km south east of the port of Normanton on the Gulf of Carpentaria. Europeans first explored this area in the 1860s. John McKinlay searched for lost explorers Burke and Wills in 1862 and John Graham MacDonald explored a route from Carpentaria Downs to the Gulf in 1864. Pastoralists followed these early explorers, bringing sheep in 1865, but by 1867 many had retreated because of fever, drought, low wool prices and distance from the markets. An overland telegraph line was constructed from Cardwell to Normanton between 1869 and 1872. This passed through the Croydon district and later became a lifeline for the northern mining fields.</p><br>
<p>Gold was first discovered on Croydon Downs Station, which had been taken up by W. Brown in 1881. In the latter part of 1883, two of his employees found quartz carrying gold. However it was not until 1885 that Richard and Walter Alldridge, acting under instructions from WC Brown, prospected the area and discovered 20 payable reefs. The finds were reported in October 1885, and the Croydon area was proclaimed a goldfield on 18 January 1886, thus coming under the administration of the Queensland Department of Public Works and Mines.</p><br>
<p>Hundreds flocked to the area. By 1887 the population of the district had peaked at 7000, and by 1897 it still had the third highest population in north Queensland after Charters Towers and Townsville. From 1890 to 1910, gold output from the Croydon reefs were second only to Charters Towers. Total production from inception until 1947 was 772, 374 ounces. By 1909 however, production began to decline and by 1914, the population at the turn of the century had halved.</p><br>
<p>Residents on the Croydon Goldfield faced many hardships including inadequate supplies of water; pasture grasses and timber for fuel and constructions purposes. Isolation was also a major problem until the Croydon to Normanton railway was completed in 1891. The area was subject to droughts and floods, and even a cyclone in 1906. During the "crash" of 1893, when most banks closed doors and gold buying ceased, many miners were thrown out of work. Despite all these difficulties, the 1890s were productive years for Croydon. Pugh&#39;s Almanac of 1900 listed 3 banks, 6 blacksmiths, 5 bakers, 6 commission agents, 4 newsagents, 6 carriers, 2 chemists, 6 drapers11 share brokers, 18 hotels and 4 watchmakers, among many other assorted businesses.</p><br>
<p>Other mining townships were established at Golden Gate, Tabletop, Gorge Creek, Golden Valley, Goldstone, Carron, Twelve Miles, Mulligans, Flannigans, Morning Light, Moonstone and Alluvial Springs, with Croydon acting as the main administrative and commercial centre. Members of the outlying communities would visit Croydon on Saturday nights to shop, conduct their business and socialise.</p><br>
<p>As on many other Queensland goldfields, a Chinese community was formed at Croydon, congregating on the north west fringe of the town. At the end of 1888 Mining Warden Towner reported that Croydon had a population of 3500 of whom 300 were Chinese, Cingalese, Malay or African. This figure is surprising given that the Queensland Goldfields Amendment Act of 1878 excluded Chinese people from new fields for three years unless they had made the discovery. However it appears that the level of Chinese involvement at Croydon was confined to the service industry and in occupations such as gardeners, carriers, bakers and cooks. Racial tension was high at times and is reflected in a race riot in 1886 and later by the formation of the Anti-Chinese League in early 1888.</p><br>
<p>In Tabletop the town baker, Jim Sing conducted business for over eight years until 1900. It is significant that, in a region that experienced racial discord, a person of likely Chinese heritage is buried amidst Europeans in the Tabletop cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Tabletop township, located approximately 19 kilometres north-east from Croydon, was surveyed in 1887. Along with Croydon it was among the first areas on the Croydon Goldfield to be developed. A daily horse-drawn coach service between Tabletop and Croydon was soon established.</p><br>
<p>Mines serviced by Tabletop township included the Federation, Day Dawn, Mount Morgan, Bobby Dazzler, Happy Jack, Rising Sun, Ace of Hearts, Star of Hope, Black Diamond, Blackbird and Lady Jane. Two large mills operated during its peak years, the 5-head Day Dawn on the southern side of town, and the 12-head Catherine on the northern side.</p><br>
<p>In 1888 a small provisional school opened at Tabletop. This was the first provincial school on the goldfield, with Croydon provisional school opening one year later. By 1889, 20 children attended the Tabletop school and numbers evened out at 22 until the late 1890s, indicating a stable family community. As with many gold towns, almost overnight Tabletop emerged as small service town, with 8 hotels, a post office, 5 stores, 2 blacksmiths, 2 billiard saloons, a chemist, 2 produce dealers and a police presence. This supported a population of approximately 500 miners, their families and supporting industries, all initially enthusiastic about mining prospects in the district. However, the community quickly declined to around 220 and declined further after the mid 1890s. While the post office operated from 1887 to 1911, businesses in the town began to close from as early as 1893, a trend which continued through to 1900. By 1920, only the Tabletop Hotel remained.</p><br>
<p>The Tabletop community interacted socially with the nearby smaller townships of Golden Valley and Carron. Race meetings in particular were popular and Tabletop combined with Golden Valley in 1889 to form the Tabletop and Golden Valley Racing Club. The community was spiritually supported by both Church of England and Roman Catholic clergy based in Croydon as well as by the Primitive Methodist clergy based at nearby Golden Valley. A Senior Sergeant and Constable maintained law and order and their presence in town is represented in the Tabletop cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In 1893 Henry Hasenkamp was posted to Tabletop as the Senior Constable, Clerk of Petty Sessions and Inspector of Slaughterhouses. He was accompanied by his wife Mary and family. Not long after they arrived their ten year old son, Henry Adolphous died on 19 October 1893, about 3 weeks short of his eleventh birthday. He was buried in the Tabletop cemetery. The next year Henry and Mary erected a simple headstone and encircled the gravesite with an iron railing. The grave mound was lovingly decorated with small clamshells and a few larger "Bailer" shells.</p><br>
<p>Families associated with mining communities often led a migratory lifestyle and many suffered the loss of a child due to the primitive living conditions and lack of medical supplies and expertise. Consequently, individual child burials (ie not within a family plot) are common in remote burial grounds - poignant reminders of the harshness of frontier living and the temporary nature of many early mining towns.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Tabletop Cemetery is situated on the corner of two formed station roads which provide access to the site. The terrain is slightly undulating and consists of finely grained sandy soil. Eucalypts and other native trees are scattered throughout the area and tussocky grasses provide a dense ground cover during much of the year. Although the cemetery lies within an area heavily grazed by cattle, its perimeter fence protects the site. Native birds and animals also utilize this area.</p><br>
<p>Of the 23 potential burial sites identified within the cemetery, only five have headstones and only three are enclosed with iron railings. The three graves that have iron enclosures have been re-painted white in recent times. Identified graves date from between 1889 and 1904.</p><br>
<p>Stone piles, mounds, or shallow depressions are representative of the possible burials within the cemetery. While it has not been properly determined whether these are actual burial sites, no similar features (i.e stone piles, mounds) were seen to occur naturally outside the confines of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The identifiable headstones within the fenced cemetery all face to the east, and all the individual graves (including the stone piles and mounds) are aligned in an east-west direction.</p><br>
<p>Grave 1. James Crameri, died 14 November 1904. This grave has a marble headstone with inscription and is surrounded by an iron railing, painted white in recent times.</p><br>
<p>Grave 2. Henry Aldolphous Hasenkamp, died 19 October 1893 (child, aged just under 11 years). Similar to the Grave 1, Grave 2 has a marble headstone with inscription and is surrounded by an iron railing painted white. In addition, this grave is marked by a scattering of clam and other sea shells.</p><br>
<p>Grave 3. A grave enclosed with an iron railing. This grave is marked by strap diagonal framing on its railings and has a sandstone headstone which is now illegible. Four stone mounts are visible, one for each railing corner post, and the marks on these suggest that at some stage this grave may have been slightly repositioned. A tree has grown up through the strap diagonal framing at the headstone end of the grave.</p><br>
<p>Grave 4. Catherine Lahy, died 10 June 1889 (child, aged 2 years). The grave is identified by a solid sandstone headstone rounded at its top and inscribed with a cross, and an earth mound.</p><br>
<p>Grave 5. Robert Fitzmaurice, died 29 April 1889 (child, aged 4 years 8 months). The grave can be identified by a simple stone headstone. Included on its inscription is a large cross.</p><br>
<p>Grave 6. This grave consists of a solid rectangular stone headstone in the style of a Chinese grave marker, and similar in form to Chinese graves which are evident in the Croydon town cemetery. However, there is no visible inscription on this headstone and so the ethnicity of this grave cannot be confirmed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Tabletop Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 April 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Dating from, Tabletop Cemetery demonstrates and contributes to our understanding of the pattern and nature of settlement in small frontier mining towns. Established prior to any officially surveyed cemetery, this small burial ground served the township of Tabletop from the mid-1880s until the township declined in the 1910s. The cemetery is an important record of the historical development of the area and demonstrates in the surviving identified graves (including the graves of two children and a Chinese person) the ethnicity, occupations and social status of the inhabitants of a small satellite township on the Croydon goldfield. The place is important in demonstrating the nature of life on the Croydon goldfields in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly the high infant and child mortality experienced in early mining settlements.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Tabletop Cemetery is one of a group of 6 cemeteries located on the former Croydon goldfield, and is still legible as an early burial ground. 23 potential burial sites have been identified, with remnant surviving fabric including 6 graves with headstones or grave markers, one of which is in the style of a Chinese grave marker. At least three of the graves have iron-railing surrounds. The place has the potential to yield information about the early history of the inhabitants of the field; in particular, a clearer understanding of ethnic, social, and religious background and attitudes within the mining community, through further investigation of the placement, inscriptions, type of materials used, or information relating to the deceased such as age or religion.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Tabletop Cemetery has social significance for its symbolic value to the Croydon community.</p><br>
<p>Surprise is a two-masted former racing schooner berthed in Camden, Maine. Built in 1917-18 in Rockport, Massachusetts, she is one of a small number of surviving schooners designed by noted naval architect Thomas F. McManus. She currently serves as a "windjammer", providing daily cruises in Penobscot Bay. She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Surprise is a two-masted wooden sailing schooner. She has a total length of 44 ft, with a length at the waterline of 34 ft. She has a beam of 12 ft and a draft of 6 ft. Her framing is of oak and locust, with planking of yellow pine, some of it replaced by mahogany during restoration. The deck is fir. The area below decks has been fitted to carry passengers on day trips, and there is a motor chamber in the rear. She normally carries four sails: main and staysails, with club sails that can be set above those two.</p><br>
<p>Surprise was built in 1917-18 at Worrell Shipyard in Rockport, Maine. She was one of seven schooner yachts designed by Thomas F. McManus, then a prominent naval architect, and is the only one of those still afloat. Her design represents an important transition between schooners designed as working craft and those designed for pleasure and racing. She was built for M.S. Kattenhorn, a merchandise broker living in New Rochelle, New York. She remained in the Kattenhorn family as a racing and pleasure craft into the 1960s. Although her original plans called for a motor, it was not added until after the Kattenhorn&#39;s sold it. It was converted for use in the tourist trade in the late 1980s, and now provides short tours of Penobscot Bay from her base in Camden, Maine.</p><br>
<p>Sprucewold Lodge is a historic summer tourist accommodation at 4-9 Nahanada Road in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Its main lodge built in 1927, it was the centerpiece of an extensive rustic retreat on the Spruce Point peninsula southeast of downtown Boothbay Harbor. The lodge is one of the state&#39;s finest examples of rustic Adirondack architecture, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. In 2016, the lodge was listed for sale.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Sprucewold Lodge is located in a wooded area near the center of the Spruce Point peninsula, southeast of downtown Boothbay Harbor. The main lodge is set on the north side of Nahanada Road, near its junction with Crest Avenue. The property also includes a series of log and frame cabins on the south side of Nahanada Road, which are now used as employee housing. It is a two-story log structure, with a gabled roof and exposed log exterior. There are recessed porches below the front and rear-facing gables, each supported by rustic log posts, with log rail balustrades and stair handrails. The main doorway consists of vertically arranged log sections on the outside, and rough board-and-batten on the inside. Window bays on the sides are articulated by vertically place logs, and a fieldstone chimney rises on the outside of the left wall. The interior public spaces include similar Adirondack style log decorate, including builtin benches.</p><br>
<p>Plans for a resort area on Spruce Point were first drafted in the 1880s, but were hampered by a lack of water supply. Town water was laid into the area in 1919, and the Boothbay Land Company then proceeded to develop the eastern side of the peninsular, building about 60 cabins by 1930. The central hotel and lodge was built in 1926 to a design by Portland architect John Thomas, and was billed as the world&#39;s largest log cabin. The present lodge was built as an annex to the original, which was destroyed by fire in 1931. It is one of the few surviving hotels on the Maine coast from the 1920s, representing the final stage of large scale resort hotel development in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Redington House, also known as the Redington Museum, is a historic house and museum at 62 Silver Street in downtown Waterville, Maine. Built in 1814, it is one of the best-preserved houses of the period in the city. It has served since 1924 as the museum and headquarters of the Waterville Historical Society, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Redington House stands on the southeast side of Silver Street (Maine State Route 137) in central Waterville, between Western Avenue and Silver Place. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, two interior brick chimneys, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. The front facade is five bays wide, with the outer bays closely spaced but offset from the center. The entrance, at the center, is sheltered by a single-story porch which extends across the center three bays, and is supported by fluted Ionic columns with an ornate wooden railing above. Most of the windows are sash, but that above the entrance is flanked by sidelights. The interior retains original period finishes. Extending to the rear of the main block are later wood frame additions.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1814 by Asa Redington, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, for his son Silas. Asa Redington was one of the areas early settlers, and this house is one of the finest surviving early houses in Waterville. It remained in the hands of Redingtons descendants until 1924, when it was given to the Waterville Historical Society by Mrs. William Redington. The society now uses it as its headquarters and museum.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Fessenden House is a historic house at 58 Bridge Street in Royalton, Vermont. Built about 1802, it is a high quality local example of transitional Georgian-Federal architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Fessenden House is located in Royalton village, at the corner of Bridge Street and Vermont Route 14. It fronts on a former alignment of Route 14, which provides access to the bridge and is separated from the current alignment by an elongated triangular green. The house is 2-1/2 stories in height, with a gabled roof, interior brick chimneys, clapboard siding, and a stone foundation. It has typical Georgian style massing, with a five-bay front facade. Sash windows occupy most of the bays, with the center entrance framed by a Federal period surround consisting of flanking pilasters rising to a gabled partial pediment that surmounts a half-round leaded transom window. First-floor windows are topped by simple projecting cornices. The interior has many high-quality period finishes, including elements of basement kitchens, working dumbwaiters, and Federal and Georgian style fireplace mantels. Near the house stands a 19th-century barn, moved to the site in the 20th century after the original barn was destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1802, and exhibits an unusually high quality of detail for a small-town rural setting. Many of the buildings exterior and interior designs are derived from plates in Asher Benjamins 1797 The Country Builders Assistant, which helped popularize Federal architectural styles. Joseph Fessenden, for whom it was built, was a prosperous local merchant. The house was owned by a succession of well-to-do businessmen, and many of its interior features date from a c. 1830 remodeling.</p><br>
<p>The Bellevue Herald Building is a historic commercial building located in Bellevue, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 20 are commercial buildings. The lower two floors were built around 1855 with limestone, and the third floor was a frame addition from 1905. The stone blocks that were used in its construction vary somewhat in shape and size, and they were laid in courses. The lintels and watertable are dressed stone. The second floor is three bays wide with a door in the center bay that opens onto an iron balcony. There is an oriel window on the third floor, and an Italianate metal cornice with brackets caps the main facade. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 126 South Riverview Street is a historic commercial building located in Bellevue, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 20 are commercial buildings. The two-floor structure was built around 1855 to house a retail establishment, but its original use has not been determined. The stone blocks that were used in its construction vary somewhat in shape and size, and they were laid in courses. The rectangular plan structure features three narrow bays, a recessed entrance in the right bay, dressed stone lintels, and a stone storefront. The window openings have been altered. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 101 North Riverview Street is a historic commercial building located in Bellevue, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 20 are commercial buildings. The two-floor structure was built around 1850 along the levee. Because the property slopes toward the Mississippi River, it appears to be a four-story building on the riverside. It was built to house a retail establishment, but its original use has not been determined. By 1885 it housed a dry goods store, and by 1894 it housed a hardware store and implement dealership, which was located here for decades. The rectangular plan structure is three bays wide, and it has a stone storefront. It was given a light coating of stucco and scored giving it an ashlar appearance. The second-floor windows have simple hoodmolds above them, while the rest of the windows have stone lintels. What differentiates this building from the others is that it is a freestanding commercial structure, capped with a hip roof. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 130-132 North Riverview Street is a historic commercial building located in Bellevue, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 20 are commercial buildings. The 2½-story structure was built around 1855 to house retail establishments, which have included dry goods, a grocery, clothing and footwear stores, and a tavern. The double storefront building features three bays on both sides. The stone blocks used in its construction vary somewhat in shape and size, and they were laid in courses. It also features dressed stone lintels. The storefronts were altered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but they retain their original limestone piers. What differentiates this building from the others is the gable roof. The second floor balcony on the south half of the building is a recent addition. It storefront has also been altered again in more recent years. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 306 South Second Street is a historic industrial building located in Bellevue, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 20 are commercial/industrial buildings. The two-story structure was built in 1859 as an industrial facility. It is believed it was initially used as a pork processing plant that produced salt pork, which was then shipped down the Mississippi River. Subsequently, it has housed Haney & Campbell Creamery and Dairy Supplies, a saloon, a pool hall, and by 1928, a residence. The stone blocks that were used in the construction of this square structure vary somewhat in shape and size, and they were laid in courses. The window sills, lintels and watertable are dressed stone. Its two main elevations on Second and Chestnut streets are symmetrical, with three bays. Both have a door in the central bay. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Lake Fúquene is a heart-shaped lake located in the Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley, part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, in the north of Cundinamarca, Colombia, at the border with Boyacá. The Andean lake, at an average altitude of 2,540 m, was considered sacred in the religion of the Muisca who inhabited the area before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca in the 1530s.</p><br>
<p>Due to drainage of the waters for agriculture and dairy farming, the lake levels have dropped drastically in recent years and many flora and fauna species have disappeared.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>In the Chibcha language of the Muisca Fúquene means "Place of swamps covered with fog", "Bed of the fox" or "Holy People", referring to the religious rituals of the Muisca. Muisca means "people" in Chibcha.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake Fúquene, the lake in the Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley, one of the four major valleys of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, was an important ritual lake in the culture of the Muisca. It formed the connection between the territories of the zipa in the south and zaque in the north and merchants between the two parts of the Muisca Confederation would pass the lake.</p><br>
<p>When conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his troops arrived at the lake in 1537, the water level was 10 m to 15 m higher.</p><br>
<p>Since 1934 about 70% of the lake surface has been gone; from 100 km&sup2; to 30 km&sup2;. In this time, the lake level has dropped by 1 m.</p><br>
<h2>Flora, fauna and environmental issues</h2><br>
<p>Around 47 bird species visit Lake Fúquene, among them Agelaius icterocephalus bogotensis and Fulica americana. in 1940, more than 80 fauna species were foraging around the lake, a number reduced to 58 in 2014.</p><br>
<p>In and around the lake 248 plant species have been identified. Ixobrichus exilis bogotensis, and Alnus jorullensis. In recent years, 40% of the biodiversity has disappeared in the past 60 years.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, around 207,000 inhabitants of the area lived around the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Kucheman Building is a historic commercial building located in Bellevue, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 20 are commercial buildings. The two-story structure was built in 1868 to house Kucheman & Son, a dry goods and clothing store. The second floor has housed an Opera Hall and City Hall. An addition was built onto the rear of the building sometime between 1902 and 1914. The building features four bays on its main facade, which is capped by a stone cornice with arched metal pediment. The stone blocks used in its construction vary somewhat in shape and size, and they were laid in courses. It also features dressed stone window sills and lintels. What differentiates this building from the others is its segmental arched windows. The second floor windows on the front have simple stone hoodmolds. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Adolf S. Jensen Land  is a peninsula in the southern limit of King Frederick VIII Land, northeastern Greenland. Administratively it belongs to the NE Greenland National Park area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The landmass north of Bessel Fjord was deemed to be an island by the Second German North Polar Expedition led by Carl Koldewey that partially explored the area in 1869–70. Koldewey used the name Peschel Island in the English edition of his 1869–70 narrative.</p><br>
<p>The area was later visited by the ill-fated 1906–08 Denmark Expedition (Danmark Ekspeditionen) which named a few landmarks, such as the narrow Syttendemajfjorden in the north.</p><br>
<p>Finally the peninsula was surveyed and mapped in 1932 by Lauge Koch during aerial surveys made during the 1931–34 Three-year Expedition to East Greenland (Treårsekspeditionen). It was named after Danish zoologist Adolf Severin Jensen (1866 - 1953), professor at the University of Copenhagen, who had carried out extensive research on the fisheries of West Greenland, and who was a member of the committee of the 1931–34 Three-year Expedition.</p><br>
<p>Besselfjord Station was built in Adolf S. Jensen Land&#39;s southeastern shore. Also the Alf Bruun Hytta and the Carl Ritterhytta, Strømsbukta and Johns Hytta hunting huts were built in the eastern part of the peninsula, the latter three by John Giæver while he lived as a trapper in north-eastern Greenland from 1929 to 1934. The Nanok East Greenland Fishing Company built the hunting huts Laksehytten in 1939 and Fiskerhytten in 1951, both located at the head of Syttendemajfjorden, and Påskehytten, a hut in the east coast in 1938.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Adolf S. Jensen Land is bounded in the west by the Soranerbraen Glacier —beyond which lies Rechnitzer Land, in the north by the Fangersund of the Inderbredningen and the Trangsund of the Dove Bay, in the east by the Storebaelt that opens into the Greenland Sea, and in the south by the Bessel Fjord. Queen Margrethe II Land lies to the south of the Bessel Fjord. Cape Karl Ritter is the peninsula&#39;s easternmost point and the Hawkins Vandfald waterfall is located in the southeastern part. There is an ice cap in the SW.</p><br>
<p>Adolf S. Jensen Land is hilly, except for a small area in the southeast, and its coastline is very indented. The peninsula in the north is almost separated from the southern part by a fjord and Elizabeth Sharon Lake. The highest elevations are in the southern part and are unnamed. Vivian Fjeld is a 1,003 m high mountain in the northern subpeninsula, Kapspidsen is a 502 m high mountain near the NE end.</p><br>
<p>Paradise Farm are historic agricultural and domestic buildings located west of Bellevue, Iowa, United States. Massachusetts native Elbridge Gerry Potter settled near Big Mill Creek in 1842 from Illinois. He arrived here with 500 head of cattle, 40 teams of mules, and money. In addition to this farm he operated a flour mill and sawmill in Bellevue, and established steamboat lines on the Mississippi River at Bellvue, on the Yazoo River in Louisiana and the Red River in Texas.</p><br>
<p>This was Potters home, and it included 1,400 acre. His book collection included subjects such as medicine, poetry, religion, and womens suffrage. He kept track of the books with a system of numbers and color codes for the books and the shelves. The three story dormitory is a rectangular structure that housed the buttery, the farms main kitchens and bunk quarters for workers. The carriage barn is a two-story, rectangluar structure. One side of the ground level housed the carriages and wagons, and the second level housed the loft. It featured segmental arched windows with heavy stone sills. Paradise Farms has been home to generations of Potters descendants. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Lester Lake is a private, all-sports, 12-acre Oakland County, Michigan lake along the main branch of the Clinton River.</p><br>
<p>Most of the lake lies within Waterford Township, however the northern portion of the lake is in Independence Township.</p><br>
<p>Lester Lake connects upstream to the 117-acre Greens Lake. It also connects to 179-acre Lotus Lake and 234-acre Maceday Lake.</p><br>
<p>Boaters can get from Lester Lake to Lotus Lake only by way of a narrow culvert under the railroad tracks.</p><br>
<p>Downstream, Lester Lake connects to the 66-acre, 90-feet deep Van Norman Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Lester Lake was named for William Lester, an early Oakland County settler.</p><br>
<p>In 1818, William Lester, Colonel Stephen Mack (1766–1826), Major Joseph Todd (1765–1848) and Orisen Allen were the first to settle what would become the city of Pontiac, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>William Lester located on section 29 in Pontiac.</p><br>
<h2>Camp</h2><br>
<p>Camp Brady was a Boy Scout camp operated by the Detroit Area Council. It was located on the eastern shore of Lester Lake. The camp also extended across the street (Andersonville Road) to Greens Lake. The camp was in existence from 1921 through 1946.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, the camp was sold to the United Way and was used as a camp for mothers and daughters through 1972. It was also used by the Detroit Public Schools for underprivileged children. The portion of Camp Brady on Lester Lake was sold off as residential property in 1946.</p><br>
<h2>Depot</h2><br>
<p>In 1851, the Detroit and Milwaukee Railway came through Waterford Township and in so doing made the lakes of the area, including Lester Lake, easily accessible to summer vacationers from the big cities.</p><br>
<p>The Windiate depot, along with the Waterford depot, the Drayton Plains depot and the Clarkston depot</p><br>
<p>served to make Waterford Township and Independence Township a resort area.</p><br>
<h2>Resort</h2><br>
<p>The Windiate Park Hotel was a summer resort for vacationers from Detroit and</p><br>
<p>Lansing. The resort was easily accessed by four trains a day during the summer months from the 1890s to the 1940s and was located across the railroad tracks from Lester Lake on Lotus Lake, near the Windiate depot. The resort featured boating, fishing, sailing, sunbathing, tennis and a dance hall. The resort was owned by J.D. and M.L. Rice.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Fish in Lester Lake include pumpkinseed sunfish, largemouth bass, walleye, northern pike and crappie.</p><br>
<p>Croydon Court House is a heritage-listed former courthouse at Samwell Street, Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Colonial Architect&#39;s Office and built in 1887. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Court House was erected in 1887 as part of a complex of government buildings on the main street of Croydon, at the time a busy goldfield.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1880s Croydon Downs Station was established on Belmore Creek and evidence of gold was discovered on the property soon after it was established. In October 1885 a major find was reported about 145 km east of Normanton and a rush to the area began. On 18 January 1886 Croydon was proclaimed a goldfield under the administration of the Queensland Mines Department. The town site was then surveyed, and by the end of the year the population of the Croydon field was 2000 and rapidly increasing. A police reserve was declared to service the new field and a modest police station was begun immediately and completed in the same year.</p><br>
<p>A Court House reserve had been set aside next to the large reserve for police use as part of the administrative infrastructure of the goldfield. The Queensland Government of the time faced the problem of policing a huge area with a scattered population on a limited budget. Transport also posed problems, especially before the development of reliable roads and a railway network. The situation was addressed by instituting a system of regional courts served by visiting magistrates or judges and which had police offices, accommodation and lockup facilities on the same site. Plans for a suitable court house with facilities for visiting magistrates and a Clerk of Petty Sessions were drawn up and the successful tender was that of contractors Edward and James Headland at £1875.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was completed in May 1887, although the first court was held there on 24 January 1887 reflecting the urgency of the need. The use of corrugated iron as wall cladding reflects local conditions where suitable timber was scarce and voracious termites made keeping buildings in good repair a constant problem. Croydon had the services of a visiting mining warden from Georgetown from 1886 and it was clear that provision would need to be made for an office in the town. It was common for wardens to have offices in the court building and soon after completion, the court was extended by adding offices for the Mining Warden and Registrar. This raised the final cost of the work to £2075. Additional cells and stables for police horses were added to the police reserve about the same time as the demand for police services grew. The district was first proclaimed the Division of Croydon (an early form of local government) in 1887/88 and declared a municipality in 1892. A new police barracks were built in 1896 and further cells in the following year. In the first ten years of its existence the population of the town had mushroomed and by 1897 Croydon had the third highest population in North Queensland after that of Townsville and Charters Towers. The police and court buildings and the town hall along the main street illustrate the way in which administrative services were provided for towns in such rapid growth areas.</p><br>
<p>1897 was also the year in which a disastrous fire that destroyed much of the towns centre possibly marked the beginning of a decline in its fortunes. Unlike Charters Towers, the Croydon field did not prove to have the deep reefs that would have provided work for large numbers and the population consequently fell. The district was redesignated as Shire of Croydon in 1903-1904 and by 1907 the field was considered to be effectively exhausted. The town became the centre of a pastoral district rather than a goldfield and by 1912 the gold wardens offices were being used by a surveyor and his assistant. Following World War I, when mining generally diminished and the price of gold dropped, it was obvious that the field would not recover. Mining came to a virtual stop by 1925. The last court was held in 1926 and rooms at the rear of the building were used for storage, though the Clerk of Petty Sessions maintained an office into the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>By 1961 the building was abandoned and had deteriorated. It was purchased on 13 June 1961 by the Croydon Shire Council. National Estate funding was obtained to preserve the building and major repair work was carried out in 1980. Since then the building has been a tourist attraction in the town as have the other buildings from Croydon&#39;s heyday. Stage one of a project to interpret the building as a courthouse museum was implemented in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Croydon Courthouse is a single storey building on low stumps and faces Samwell Street, the main street of Croydon. To one side of it are the former police buildings and on the other, former town hall.</p><br>
<p>The court house has a timber frame and is clad with vertical corrugated iron. The gabled roof is also clad with corrugated iron. A verandah with a separate awning supported on posts runs around three sides of the court room. The main entrance is central and approached by low steps. Behind the court room and set at right angles to it are a series of 3 gabled sections containing offices. They are similar in form and set parallel to each other. The first two sections are separated from each other by a corridor roofed in curved corrugated iron and have a verandah to the rear. Behind this are a pair of offices with a space between them which allows entry to the rear verandah. Windows in the end walls have sun hoods and ventilation has been addressed by providing louvred panels in the upper section of end walls and ventilators on the roof.</p><br>
<p>The courtroom has a coved roof and is well illuminated by windows at the front and sides. It is unlined, revealing the corrugated iron cladding except for the partition wall behind the bench, which is of horizontal timber boards. The court room retains its furniture, including the judges bench, defendants box, witness stand and jury bench.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Court House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Croydon Court House is important in illustrating the development of Croydon and district, reflecting the importance of the town following the discovery of gold and way in which justice was administered in such remote areas. It also demonstrates the short lived importance that goldfields, such as that at Croydon, might have.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Court house is a good example of a small regional courthouse of its era, having a large court room with offices for magistrates and court officials to the rear. The addition of offices for mining officials is typical of court houses in mining areas.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is one of a series of public buildings along the main street of Croydon, including the police station and residence and the shire hall, which define the visual character of the township.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Croydon Court House has had a long connection with the people of Croydon and the surrounding district as the focus for the administration of justice.</p><br>
<p>Trevelgue Head, also known as Porth Island, is a headland a short distance north-east of Newquay and adjacent to Porth in Cornwall, England.</p><br>
<p>It is the site of an Iron Age promontory fort. The defensive ramparts of the fort, and two round barrows dating from the early Bronze Age, can be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The peninsula is connected to the mainland at the eastern end; on the south (present-day Porth) is a natural harbour. The South West Coast Path traces the perimeter of the eastern part of the peninsula.</p><br>
<p>On the east side there are defensive earthworks. There is a single bank and ditch on the wider part of the peninsula near the mainland. The wide enclosure between this and the ramparts further west is protected by sea-cliffs on the northern side; on the south side there is a smaller drop to the sea, once protected by an extension of the outer rampart.</p><br>
<p>There is a gap in the peninsula, crossed by a modern bridge where there may have been originally a land-bridge; immediately before this there are three massive banks and ditches. Beyond the gap and adjacent to it is a rampart, and a final rampart further west.</p><br>
<p>There are two early Bronze Age round barrows within the defences: a barrow in the eastern enclosure near the cliffs, 18 m in diameter and 1.6 m high; and a barrow at the summit of the peninsula, near the western end, 25 m in diameter and 2.5 m high.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>There was an archaeological excavation of the site in 1939 by C. K. Croft Andrew; the project was abandoned on the outbreak of war and the findings were not published. In 1997 the principle discoveries were analysed, and in 2011 the Cornwall Archaeological Unit published Trevelgue Head, Cornwall: the importance of CK Croft Andrew’s 1939 excavations for prehistoric and Roman Cornwall.</p><br>
<h2>Finds from excavation</h2><br>
<p>There was evidence that the site was occupied from the Mesolithic period, but most of the remains relate to the Iron Age.</p><br>
<p>There are foundations of Iron Age roundhouses, of the 2nd century BC. The largest was 14.5 m in diameter: there are remains of a ring of seven or eight postholes and a central hearth. The building, one of the largest such roundhouses found in Cornwall, may have been a meeting place, rather than a dwelling.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of bronze and iron smelting: furnaces, ore roasting pits and 200 kg of iron slag were found. About 600 items of worked stone, over 4,000 shards of pottery, and objects of tin, copper and iron and glass were found.</p><br>
<p>The Trufant Historic District encompasses a concentration of 19th-century middle-class residential housing on the south side of Bath, Maine. This area was most heavily developed during Bath&#39;s heyday as a major shipbuilding center, and includes numerous examples of Greek Revival and Italianate styling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The city of Bath, located on the west bank of the Kennebec River on the coast of southern Maine, was incorporated as a town in 1781. It grew in the 19th century to become a major center for the construction of wooden sailing ships, with the river bank lined with shipyards. Residential areas developed on the hillsides above the yards. Part of the area south of the downtown was originally a farm owned by the Trufant family, whose progenitor moved to the area in 1745. The family holdings had been divided and in part sold off by the late 1820s, but had not yet been significantly developed. With the city&#39;s economy booming in the 1840s, development began to take place in the area bounded by Pine, Middle, Corliss, and Washington Streets, a portion of the former Trufant farm. Middle and Highland Streets were laid out in the early 1850s, and rapidly developed with a series of modest Greek Revival houses. Infill construction, and the development of vacant lots resulted in the addition of Italianate houses in the 1860s and 1870s. By the early 20th century, the area had substantially achieved its present appearance.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is bounded on the east by Washington Street, between Pine and Corliss Streets, and includes only buildings on the road&#39;s west side. It extends up Pine to Clifton Street, and up Corliss to Middle Street, and includes buildings on both sides of those streets, as well as Highland Street, which runs parallel between Washington and Middle. There are 60 buildings in the district, about half of which are Greek Revival, and 13 that are Italianate. There are only two 20th-century houses in the area, and most of the buildings have retained original decorative features, in some cases despite the application of modern siding.</p><br>
<p>Lotus Lake is an all-sports, 185-acre Oakland County, Michigan lake along the Clinton River. Most of the lake lies within Waterford Township, however the northern portion of the lake is in Independence Township.</p><br>
<p>Lotus Lake connects with the 234-acre Maceday Lake to the north, and connects upstream with 12-acre Lester Lake. Boaters can get from Lotus Lake to Lester Lake only by way of a narrow culvert under the railroad tracks.</p><br>
<p>Blain Island lies between Lotus Lake and Maceday Lake. It is accessible by car via a bridge. There are three bridges on the island, affectionately named Lloyd, Beau and Jeff by the residents. There are mostly high-end luxury homes on the island.</p><br>
<p>There is a public boat launch on Maceday Lake which allows boaters to easily access Lotus Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Lotus Lake is named for the Lotus flower. The flower is a water lily and can be seen among the lily pads on the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Depot</h2><br>
<p>In 1851, the Detroit and Milwaukee Railway came through Waterford Township and in so doing made the lakes of the area, including Lotus Lake, easily accessible to summer vacationers from the big cities.</p><br>
<p>The Windiate depot, along with the Waterford depot, the Drayton Plains depot and the Clarkston depot</p><br>
<p>served to make Waterford Township and Independence Township a resort area.</p><br>
<h2>Resort</h2><br>
<p>The Windiate Park Hotel was a summer resort for vacationers from Detroit and Lansing. The resort was easily accessed by four trains a day during the summer months from the 1890s to the 1940s and was located on Lotus Lake near the Windiate depot. It featured boating, fishing, sailing, sunbathing, tennis and a dance hall. The resort was owned by J.D. and M.L. Rice.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Fish in Lotus Lake include pumpkinseed sunfish, largemouth bass, walleye, northern pike and crappie.</p><br>
<p>The Squire Tarbox House is a historic house at 1181 Main Road in Westport, Maine. Built in 1763 and enlarged in 1820, it is a fine local example of Georgian and Federal architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, and is presently home to the Squire Tarbox Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Squire Tarbox House stands on the west side of Main Road (Maine State Route 144), near the geographic center of the rural island community of Westport. It is a long connected farmstead, with the two story main house at the northern end, connected via single-story ells to a carriage barn, with a further ell just to the barn&#39;s south. The main house hs a rectangular wood frame, with a hip roof pierced by interior chimneys. The main facade is five bays wide, with the center entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by an entablature and cornice. The interior retains original Federal period woodwork, especially in the main parlor.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house is the single-story ell extending behind the present main block. Built in 1763, it originally stood on a hill north of this location, and was moved here in 1819 by Samuel Tarbox, who had bought it from John Parsons in 1806. Dubbed "squire" due to his importance in the town, Tarbox was instrumental in securing the separation of Westport from Edgecomb, and was probably its wealthiest resident. He served on Westport&#39;s inaugural board of selectmen in 1828.</p><br>
<p>Round Top or Roundtop is the name of several summits, notably:</p><br>
<h2>In the United States</h2><br>
<h3>Northeastern US</h3><br>
<p>* Round Top (New York), a Catskills summit of Kaaterskill High Peak</p><br>
<p>* Big Round Top, a hill in the Battle of Gettysburg</p><br>
<p>* Little Round Top, an important hill in the Battle of Gettysburg</p><br>
<p>* Roundtop (York County, Pennsylvania), a hill, home of the Roundtop Mountain Resort</p><br>
<h3>Southeastern US</h3><br>
<p>* Round Top (Georgia), a peak on the Appalachian Trail in Georgia</p><br>
<p>* Round Top Mountain (Arkansas), a summit in Polk County, 2,467 ft, ()</p><br>
<p>* Round Top Mountain (Tennessee), in the Unaka Range of Sevier County, 3,000 ft</p><br>
<h3>Western US</h3><br>
<p>*Round Top, an extinct volcano in the Berkeley Hills of California, United States</p><br>
<p>* Little Round Top (California), a triple watershed point on the Sierra Crest ()</p><br>
<p>* Round Top (California), the highest peak in the Mokelumne Wilderness at 10,364 ft ()</p><br>
<p>* Round Top (Oregon), a mountain of the Northern Oregon Coast Range</p><br>
<p>* Round Top Mountain (Texas), mountain peak in the Trans-Pecos region of West Texas</p><br>
<p>* Round Top Mountain (Washington), in Colville National Forest, 1,940 m</p><br>
<h2>Other places</h2><br>
<p>* Roundtop Mountain, Quebec, Canada</p><br>
<p>The Laura Richards House is a historic house at 3 Dennis Street in Gardiner, Maine. Built about 1810, it is a fine local example of Federal period architecture. It is primarily significant as the home of Pulitzer Prize-winning author Laura E. Richards during the majority of her writing career. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Laura Richards House stands in a residential area just south of downtown Gardiner, at the southern corner of Dennis and School Streets. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, interior end chimneys, and clapboard exterior with denticulated cornice. The main facade faces northeast toward Dennis Street, and is five bays wide, with the center entrance framed by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by a half-round transom with entablature above. The interior has a typical Federal period central hall layout. Attacned to the rear is a 1-1/2 story ell with a monitor roof, which joins it to a carriage barn.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1810 by Ebenezer Byram, who had purchased the land from Robert Hallowell Gardiner. In 1878, it was purchased by Henry and Laura E. Richards. Laura Richards (1850-1943) was the daughter of Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward Howe, and Henry Richard was Gardiners grandson. The couple moved to Gardiner in 1876 after suffering financial reverses, and it was about that time that Laura Richards began her writing career. She is best known for a series of childrens books, and was a corecipient of the inaugural Pulitzer Prize for a biography of her mother.</p><br>
<p>Top Acres Farm, known historically as the Fletcher–Fullerton Farm, is a farm property at 1390 Fletcher Schoolhouse Road in Woodstock, Vermont. Developed as a farm in the early 19th century, it was in continuous agricultural use by just two families for nearly two centuries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Top Acres Farm consists of nearly 56 acre of rolling pasture and woods in a rural area of southern Woodstock. Most of its land is located north of Fletcher Schoolhouse Road (formerly Fletcher Hill Road Extension), with the farmstead complex straddling the road near the southern part of the property. The main house is a rambling 1-1/2 story Greek Revival structure, built about 1850, and set on the north side of the road. Just across the road is a small sugar house. North of (behind) the house are a corn house, barn, and dairy barn, all of which date to no later than 1830, and a 20th-century chicken house. Rolling meadows and wood lots extend north from this complex.</p><br>
<p>The farm was established in the first decade of the 19th century by Russell Fletcher, the son of one of South Woodstock&#39;s early settlers, who acquired several parcels of land. Although the current farmhouse dates to the mid-19th century, it is possible that one of its ells constitutes the original farmhouse. It was owned by Fletcher family members, growing in size to 400 acre, until 1902, when it was sold to Erwin Fullerton. The farm property was used by its various owners for a variety of purposes including the raising of grain and other crops, the raising of sheep, and as a dairy operation. When the property was listed on the National Register in 2004, it was still owned by a Fullerton, but agricultural activity had ceased and the farmhouse was used as a tourist accommodation.</p><br>
<p>Eagle Lake is a 19-acre lake in central Oakland County, Michigan. The lake has a maximum depth of 20 feet. It is located in Waterford Township.</p><br>
<p>The lake is west of Dixie Highway, north of Walton Blvd., and east of Sashabaw Road.</p><br>
<p>Eagle Lake connects with Woodhull Lake to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Eagle Lake was named for Solomon G. Eagle (1817-1890), who, along with his wife Ellen Eagle (1815-1877) and their five children, owned a 249-acre farm in sections 3 and 4 in Waterford Township on the northern shore of the lake that would bear their family name. Solomon was born in Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Eagle Lake fish included Bluegill, Pumpkinseed Sunfish, Northern Pike, Rock Bass, Black Crappie, Largemouth Bass, Brown Bullhead, Bowfin and Carp.</p><br>
<p>The Francis Street–Fenwood Road Historic District encompasses a small but cohesive early 20th-century residential area and streetcar suburb in the Longwood area of Boston, Massachusetts. Bounded by Huntington Avenue, Francis Street, Vining Avenue, Fenwood Road, and St. Albans Road, it includes a collection of two and three-family houses, as well as two apartment houses, a school, and one commercial building, all of which predate the large medical complexes that dominate the Longwood area. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Longwood area was opened for development in the late 19th century by the extension of Huntington Avenue to the area in 1882, the filling and grading of the marshes lining the Muddy River, and by the extension of the streetcar line (now the MBTA Green Line "E" Branch) in 1889. Huntington Avenue was lined by suburban estates, but the area west of Francis Street was undeveloped until 1897. Within ten years, it had been almost completely built out.</p><br>
<p>The buildings lining Huntington Avenue are the largest of the district. They include two Classical Revival three-story brick apartment houses at 777-779 Huntington, built in 1916, the L-shaped Classical Revival Farragut School building (1903), and the mixed commercial-residential block between Fenwood and Francis Streets. Between Huntington and Vining Avenue, Francis and Fenwood are lined by two and three-family houses, mostly in a combination of Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles. Scale, massing, and setback are consistent, and many exterior features have either been preserved or restored. Most of these are of wood frame construction; only a few are built of brick.</p><br>
<p>The Kegler-Gonner Store and Post Office, also known simply as Gonners Store, is a historic commercial building located in Springbrook, Iowa, United States. Christian Kegler had the western portion of this building constructed for his general store about 1874. The post office had relocated here two years previous with Kegler as the postmaster. Three additions were built on to the original structure. The building was in its final form by 1933. John Gonner acquired a part interest in the store in 1904, and operated it outright by 1908. It was still known as Gonners Store at least into the mid-1980s. The space is now occupied by a restaurant. The second floor houses apartments. At one time the east half of the second floor had been a boarding house.</p><br>
<p>The building is composed of coursed ashlar limestone, with the stones themselves being of various sizes. The tin cornice that caps the main facade features finials, brackets, dentils, and modillion trims. A balcony and a tin awning runs the entire front of the building. The western portion of the building is capped by a hip roof, while the eastern section is capped with a gable roof. Local stonemasons Peter and John Weis were believed to have constructed the original structure. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Harris Wagon and Carriage Shop is a historic industrial/commercial building located in La Motte, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 20 are commercial/industrial buildings. The three-story structure was built in 1871, possibly for Levi Hutchins. It is also possible it was built for the Will and F.R. Harris Wagon & Carriage Shop, which was located here. There was some difficulty identifying the original owner. Over the years the building has also housed a harness shop, a hardware store, and a feed and farm supply store, before becoming a bank in 1982. The stone blocks that were used in the construction of this rectangular structure vary somewhat in shape and size, and they were laid in courses. The window sills and lintels are dressed stone. It features a symmetrical, three bay facade. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Mill Rock School is a historic one-room schoolhouse located south of Baldwin, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 12 are school buildings. This school building was built in 1869 by Abner Hunt and P.A. Downer. The stone blocks that were used in the construction of this rectangular structure vary somewhat in shape and size, and they were laid in courses. The window sills and lintels are dressed stone. There is a brick chimney on the west elevation, and two entrance doors on the east elevation. Having two entrance doors is unusual for rural Jackson County schools. A name and date stone is located in the east gable.</p><br>
<p>The school buildings was built in the town of Mill Rock, the first municipality established in Monmouth Township. When the Midland Railroad was built to the northeast in 1872, the town of Baldwin was established and Mill Rock declined. A few houses and the school were all that remained by the 1890s. The school itself was abandoned in the first quarter of the 20th-century. The building is now owned by the Jackson County Conservation Board, and serves as a community center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Central School, also known as Hickory Grove School, is a historic one-room schoolhouse located northeast of Canton, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 12 are school buildings. This school building was built in 1868, possibly by G.W. Kelsall or Issac Wilmer McCullogh, who were local stonemasons. The stone blocks that were used in the construction of this rectangular structure vary somewhat in shape and size, and they were laid in courses. What is unusual about the stone used here is that they are long and narrow, compared to the other buildings. The stones used at the corners are somewhat larger. The window sills and lintels are dressed stone. The stone used for this building was quarried about a mile north of here. A name and date stone are located on the east gable, above the door. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Canton School is a historic one-room schoolhouse located in the unincorporated community of Canton, Iowa, United States. This school building was built in 1877 of locally-quarried, roughly-dressed limestone, laid in a random ashlar pattern. The main facade, however, is faced with concrete brick that is original to the structure. What is unusual about this building is its decorative elements, as most one-room schoolhouses built in Iowa were plain. The eaves and the two-stage wooden bell tower are edged with rather delicate wooden trim, and the windows are capped with concrete keystone hoods. The use of concrete is rather sophisticated for a building in the vernacular-folk architectural style in stone. The building served as a school until 1966 when the area&#39;s school districts were reorganized. It served as a church until 1968, and it is now surrounded by a park.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Cave of Dzhebel is an archeological site in the vicinity of Balkan Region Türkmenbaşy, in Soviet times known as Nebit Dag , in Turkmenistan, on the Krasnovodsk Gulf of the Caspian Sea. It contains Mesolithic, Neolithic and early Bronze Age artefacts.</p><br>
<p>According to Bernard Sergent, the lithic assemblage of the first Kurgan culture in Ukraine (Sredni Stog II), which originated from the Volga and South Urals, recalls that of the Mesolithic-Neolithic sites to the east of the Caspian sea, Dam Dam Chesme II and the cave of Dzhebel. According to Sergent, the Dzhebel material is related to a Paleolithic material of Northwestern Iran, the Zarzian culture, dated 10,000-8,500 BC, and in the more ancient Kebarian of the Near East.</p><br>
<p>The Thomaston Historic District encompasses much of the historic town center of Thomaston, Maine. With a settlement history dating to the 17th century, the town is now a showcase of 19th-century architectural styles up to the 1870s. The district extends for about 2 mi along United States Route 1, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town center of Thomaston is located at one of the heads of Muscongus Bay, directly adjacent to the mouth of the Saint George River on Maines Mid Coast. This area was first explored by Europeans in the early 17th century, and was the site of trading post for Native Americans in 1630. Settlement did not begin on a large scale until the 1730s because of conflicts with the natives, and the town was incorporated in 1777. The production of lime was from an early date an economically significant industry, as were lumbering and shipbuilding. These industries, and the business activities of American Revolutionary War General Henry Knox in the late 18th century, were critical factors in the towns growth.</p><br>
<p>The historic district primarily along United States Route 1 between Kossuth Street and Maine State Route 131, and along Knox Street, which extends south from US 1 to the harbor. The eastern end of the district is anchored by the 1929 reproduction of General Knox&#39;s mansion house, the deteriorated original having been razed in the 1860s. The brick commercial buildings found on Main Street date mainly from the late 19th century, although there is one from the 1850s. Houses lining the streets include fine examples of the Federal and Greek Revival styles. The Baptist church was built in 1828, and given late Victorian styling in the 1870s, while the 1868-69 Episcopal church is a fine example wooden Gothic Revival, reminiscent of the designs of Richard Upjohn but actually the work of Portland architect Francis H. Fassett.</p><br>
<p>The Fowler-Steele House, also known historically as Ivy Hall, is a historic house on North Main Street in Windsor, Vermont. Built in 1805 and restyled about 1850, it has an architecturally distinctive blend of Federal and Greek Revival styles. It served for many years as a local church parsonage. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Fowler-Steele House stands on the northern fringe of Windsor&#39;s main village, on the east side of North Main Street just north of Hubbard Brook. Oriented facing south, it is a 2-1/2 story painted brick structure, with a gabled roof and brick foundation. Chimneys are located on the outside of the north and south elevations, an unusual placement for Vermont because snow sliding from the roof can apply pressure to them. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance that is slightly recessed and topped by a transom window. The interior follows a typical Georgian central hall plan, with nearly identical parlors on either side of a central hall, and the kitchen at the northeast corner. The parlors, each accessed by pocket doors, have elaborate Greek Revival trim, while the kitchen and northwest room retain more modest Federal period features. A 1-1/2 story brick ell extends to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1805 for Bancroft Fowler, the fourth minister of the Windsor Congregational Church, and is located near the site of the first European settlement in what is now Windsor. Fowler gave the house to the church congregation upon his departure from the post in 1819, and it served as the church parsonage until 1835, after which it was sold to the Baptist congregation and became their parsonage. Jason Steele, a local banker, bought the house in 1848, and added the then-fashionable Greek Revival features to the interior and exterior. In 1897 it was purchased by Will Davis, a railroad conductor, who improved its landscaping and dubbed it "Ivy Hall". In the 1960s it was converted for use as a medical office, with modernized interiors, but it has since then returned to residential use and had its interior restored.</p><br>
